Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular > EXAM 4/10 > Flashcards

EXAM 4/10 Flashcards

1
Q

Be able to name the endocrine glands and identify where they’re located in the body

A

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers (usually long distance chemical signals that travel through blood or lymph) that bind to the receptors on target cells
Target cells have receptors that only respond to specific hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are autocrines

A

Short distance chemical signals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones

A

Humoral, neural and hormonal mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the hypothalamus interact with the anterior pituitary? And what are the hormones released from the anterior pituitary

A

They interact through a blood connection and releasing+ inhibiting hormones are released. The anterior pituitary releases growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the hypothalamus interact with the posterior pituitary? What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

There is a nerve connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland. Hypothalamus neurons synthesize hormones and they are released from the posterior pituitary gland. Oxytocin and antidiuretic released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of oxytocin and where is the target receptor for this hormone?

A

Oxytocin is responsible for causing contractions and milk ejection from the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs when there is a decrease in ADH? (Antidiuretic). - helps blood vessels constrict and helps the kidneys control the amount of blood and salt in the body.

A

Diabetes insipidus. When a patient is dehydrated BP may drop, large amounts of urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs when there is a decrease in GH?

A

Pituitary dwarfism in children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs when there is an increase in GH?

A

Gigantism in children and acromegaly in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs when there is an increase in TSH? Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Hyperthyroidism
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) seen in patients with hypersecretion of thyroxine.
-Can cause graves disease when antibodies mimic TSH. Overproduction of hormones from the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs when there is a decrease in TSH?

A

Hypothyroidism, may cause myxedema (swelling of ankles and feet are symptoms of this)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Iodine is the central ion in both thyroid hormones. What can result from a deficiency in iodine? How are the thyroid hormones produced? (Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3)

A

Formation of a thyroid goiter. (Enlarged thyroid)
Produced in the colloid and then taken into the follicular cell by endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What homeostatic imbalance occurs when there is an increase in ACTH? (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) produced by the anterior pituitary. What are the symptoms of this disease or syndrome?

A

Cushing’s disease (buffalo hump and fat deposition midback and belly) ,some more symptoms include increased glucose levels and tissue swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of FSH in females? (Follicle stimulating hormone) hormone released by the pituitary gland in the brain

A

Helps control the menstrual cycle and helps mature developing ovary eggs - oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of FSH in males? ( Follicle stimulating hormone) hormone releases by the pituitary gland in the brain

A

Helps mature sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of LH in females? (Luteinizing hormone)

A

Triggers ovulation in females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of LH in males?
(Luteinizing hormone)

A

Causes the testicles to produce testosterone which is important to
sperm production, so a male with low LH will have low sperm count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

FSH and LH are referred to as gonadotropins because they stimulate the gonads

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of PRL (prolactin)

A

Causes the breasts to grow and Increases milk production during pregnancy and after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the function of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A

Both of these hormones regulate calcium metabolism. Calcitonin is produced by the parafollicular cells (c cells) of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin can have a bone sparing effect at higher doses therefore inhibiting osteoclast activity to inhibit bone resorption and stimulate calcium uptake from the blood into the bony matrix.
Calcitonin opposes the actions of the parathyroid hormone which is to increase your blood calcium levels so calcitonin decreases it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex and what hormones are produced from each layer

A

The outermost is the zona glomerulosa which produces aldosterone(regulates salt and water in body) (a mineralocorticoid). The middle layer is the zona fasciculata which produces cortisol(a glucocorticoids)(primary stress hormone) the innermost layer is the zona fasciculata which produces androgens (contributes to growth in both men and women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens if there is a tumor in the zona fasciculata that causes hypersecretion of hormones produced in that region? What is the function of these hormones?

A

There is an increase in cortisol (glucocorticoids)
Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They do this by increasing blood glucose levels and blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which layer of the adrenal gland is responsible for the flight or flight response and what does it produce

A

The adrenal medulla is the innermost region of the adrenal gland and it produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

25
Q

Which hormone will cause dilation of bronchi, dilation of the pupil and increases heart rate and would be released if blood volume suddenly becomes low due to catastrophic injury

A

Epinephrine

26
Q

Be sure to understand the difference between short term and long term stress response from the adrenal gland.

A
27
Q

What is hypersecretion of hormones from the medulla of the suprarenal gland due to a tumor called? What hormone will be affected by this tumor?

A

Pheochromocytoma it causes an increase in epinephrine and can cause hypertension

28
Q

What hormone is produced by the pineal gland and what is its function?

A

Produces melatonin which is produced when there is an absence of light (darkness). Therefore, melatonin helps signal the brain to start fall asleep.

29
Q

What time of year would you expect people to have higher levels of melatonin?

A

In the winter because there is an absence of light

30
Q

The pancreas secretes two important hormones that control glucose regulation. What are the two hormones and the cells within the pancreas that produce them and what is the effect on glucose regulation?

A

Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells, it increases blood glucose by releasing glucose from the liver cells. It does this through glycogenolysis (break down if glycogen to glucose) or gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules). Insulin secreted by beta cells decreases blood glucose by transporting glucose into lost body cells, especially muscle and fat cells. It also inhibits the breakdown of glycogen into glucose and inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose

31
Q

Which pancreatic hormone would be released if you have just had a large meal of sugary calories?

A

Insulin. Its job is to lower the blood glucose levels in the bloodstream and promote storage in fat, muscle, liver and other body tissues therefore it is referred to as a hypoglycemic hormone (low blood sugar levels)

32
Q

Which pancreatic hormone would be released if you haven’t eaten for 8-10 hours

A

Glucagon raises the blood glucose levels therefore it is referred to as a hyperglycemic hormone

33
Q

What is diabetes mellitus and what are two types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes mellitus means there is sugar in the urine (whereas diabetes insipidus is very diluted in urine due to lack of ADH) diabetes insipidus you lose a lot of fluid through urine

34
Q

What is the name of the gut of continuous muscular tube that winds through the body from the mouth to the anus?

A

Alimentary canal

35
Q

What are the names of GI tract in order?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

36
Q

What are the names of the accessory digestive organs? (7 total)

A

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas

37
Q

What is the term that describes the sequence of steps in which large food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes is called

A

Chemical digestion

38
Q

This is the term for the passage of digested products from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells

A

Absorption

39
Q

What term describes the major means of propulsion, involving alternative waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls?

A

Peristalsis

40
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract? Where in the alimentary canal are these 4 layers located? If a surgeon had to cut into the GI tract from the external sides what layer would be pierced first?

A

From inside the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa.
Extends from the esophagus to the anal canal
Serosa

41
Q

What is the name of the membrane that covers the external surface of most digestive organs? What is the name of the membrane that lines the body wall of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum

42
Q

What are the names of the receptors found lining the GI tract wall? Where is the nerve plexus that controls digestion in response to the stimuli from these receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and osmoreceptors.
Walls of the organs of the digestive tract

43
Q

What part of the nervous system controls digestion and what does it control?

A

Branch of the autonomic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system. This branch of the ANS controls all of the digestive processes like salvation, peristalsis of the GI tract, production of enzymes that will trigger digestion

44
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Saliva contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates and lipids

45
Q

What substances are released from the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the intestine?

A

Bicarbonate ions are like alkaline (basic) and will reduce the ph

46
Q

What are the 3, phases of gastric secretion? What controls these phases?

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase. Both neural and hormonal. For example, during the cephalic phase it occurs before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma or thought

47
Q

What is the function of the stomach?
What population of cells are found in the stomach and what role do they play? What. Causes gastric HCl secretion in the stomach?

A

Storage and mechanical breakdown of foods, initiates protein digestion.
Chief cells produce the precursor to the gastric enzyme of digestion (pepsinogen). Parietal cells produce HCl along with intrinsic factor.
Parasympathetic nervous system, gastrin and histamine

48
Q

What are the functional cells within the liver and what is their function?

A

Hepatocytes and they secrete bile, process Bloodborne nutrients, store fat soluble vitamins and play a role in detoxification of the blood. Hepatocytes receive arterial blood and venous blood in the sinusoids of the liver and this is an advantage because hepatocytes can take in oxygen and nutrients at the same time

49
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder? What triggers contraction of the gallbladder?
What are the consequences of an absence of bile?

A

Primarily a storage organ for bile
-Cholecystokinin which is released by the small intestine to stimulate the gallbladder to contract.
-It would lead to abnormal fat digestion and absorption

50
Q

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining which of the following accomplish the task?

A

Pilcae circularis and intestinal villi

51
Q

What are the 5 types of cells found in the mucosal epithelium of the villi and crypts? What is the function of each of these cells?

A

Enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, paneth cells and stem cells.
Enterocytes- simple columnar absorptive cells with microvilli that have right junctions in-between them, responsibility for absorbing nutrients and electrolytes in the villi; enterocytes in the crypts secrete intestinal juice. Goblet cells- mucus secreting cells in the epithelia of the villi and crypts. Enteroendocrine cells- secretin and cholecystokinin released from these cells these are mostly found in the crypts but also some in the villi. Paneth cells- located deep in the crypts, secretions promote antibacterial activity. Stem cells- continuously divide in the crypts, these cells differentiate to become the other 4 cell types ( for example, enterocytes at the tips of the villi undergo apoptosis and are shed to renew the villus epithelium in 3-5 days)

52
Q

What specialized structures are in the villi that absorb fat?

A

Lacteals

53
Q

How and where are carbohydrates digested?

A

Mouth with salivary amylase, small intestine with pancreatic amylase and small intestine with brush border enzymes

54
Q

How and where are proteins digested?

A

Stomach with pepsinogen in the presence of HCl, small intestine with pancreatic enzymes and small intestine with brush border enzymes (peptidases)

55
Q

Where does the large majority of digestion take place?

A

Small intestine

56
Q

Which gland produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?

A

Pancreas

57
Q

How does chyme play a role in digestion?

A

Acidic chime causes distension and chemical stimulation of intestinal mucosa, alkaline pancreatic juice neutralizes the acidic chime that enters small intestine

58
Q

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

59
Q

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions and can be separated into anabolic reactions and catabolic reactions. What are anabolic reactions? What are chemical reactions?

A

Monomers added to each other to produce polymers
Polymers broken down to produce monomers

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions