Micro Lecture Flashcards
Sinusitis
Inflammation and swelling of the sinus membranes
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx
Epiglottitis
Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottitis; can block airway
Laryngitis
Inflammation and swelling of the larynx; can cause temporary voice loss
Tracheitis
Inflammation and swelling of the trachea
Bronchitis
Inflammation and swelling of the brocci and or bronchioles the
Croup
Combined inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles caused mainly by viruses. Characterized by barking cough and stridor (wheezing or loud breathing due to blocked airway)
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the alveoli
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
Paroxysm
A sudden violent attack
What is the most common type of the common cold?
Rhinovirus
What are all mark symptoms of the common cold
Runny nose
Sudden onset of sore throat
Coughing
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Low grade fever
Fatigue
Respiratory syncytial virus RSV
Leasing causes acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under 5
Top cause of bronchitis in children 1 and under
Adenovirus
Sore throat and cold like symptoms can cause conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, bronchitis croup and pneumonia very good at being spread (pink eye)
Hanta pulmonary syndrome
Transmitted through rodents and inhalation of airborne dust of rodent urine and feces
** Pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluid in the lungs)
SARS-CoV-2
*** acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
RNA virus
Influenza
Type A- most common and can cause death
Type B- less impactful
Type C - mild influenza
HA- allows for attachment
NA- Allows new viruses to escape
Most strains bind to ciliated cells in upper respiratory tract
(RNA virus)
Fever, aches, cough, tired, sudden onset
Ottis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Nontypale hameophilus influenzae typically a bacterial infection in the middle ear. Mucus is unable to drain.
Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
Acute pharyngitis
Gram positive clock and grow in chains
Swollen lymph nodes and white spots in the throat Hallmark symptoms
Cough is usually absent
S.pyogenes
Scarlet fever
Red and paper like rash
Reddened tongue that resembles a strawberry
S. Pyogenes *****
Rash starts on the face and neck. Mechanism of disease- toxin
The upper respiratory tract does not include
Larynx
Which structure in the respiratory system is attached to the alveoli
Bronchiole
What is the leading cause of community acquired bacterial pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which of the following leads to all the rest ?
Cytotoxin
What causes the formation of a membrane across the throat?
Corynebacterium diphtheria
Which is resistant to destruction by phagocytes?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the reservoir for legionella pedophilia
Water
_____ is caused by a strain of streptococcus pyogenes that makes an erythrogenic toxin
Scarlet fever
____ is an infection that impacts immune compromised patients. Choose all that apply.
Pneumocystis pneumonia and aspergillus
Malaise
Sense of feeling unwell or uncomfortable
Lymphangitis
Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
Leukocytosis
Increase in white blood cells
A 6 year old girl was taken to the physician for evaluation of a slowly growing bump on the back of her head. The bump was raised, scaling leasing 4cm in diameter. A fungal culture of material from the lesion was positive for fungus. The girls disease was
Dermatomycosis
A 12 year old boy had a fever, rash, and headaches, sore throat and cough. He also had a macular rash on his trunk, face and arms. A throat culture was negative for streptococcus pyogenes. The boy most likely has
Measles
Which of the following is responsible for severe birth defects if contracted during pregnancy?
Rubella
Which of the following are the most common causes of neonatal conjunctivitis
Neisseria gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis
You microscopically examine scrapings from a case of Acanthamoeba keratitis. You expect to see
Eukaryotic cell
Stridor
Wheezing or loud breathing associated with blocked air way
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
Consolidation
Apparent merging of the lung air sacs when fluid accumulates. Evident as opaque areas on XR
Bacteremia
Presence of bacteria in the blood
Viral respiratory infections
Common cold
RSV
Adenovirus
Influenza
SARS-CoV-2
Hantavirvus pulmonary syndrome
Bacterial infections
Ottis media
Strep throat
Scarlet fever
Rheumatic fever
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Tuberculosis
Pneumonia
Legionaires disease
Psittacosis
Q fever
Tulermia
Rheumatica
Cause by S. Pyogenes
Can cause inflammation of the joints , nervous system, heart and skin
Diphtheria
Caused by gram positive bacteria corynebacterium diphtheria
Transmission respiratory droplets
Signs and symptoms; sore throat, fever cough bull neck
Can be fatal
Pertussis
(Whooping cough)
Gram negative ; bordetella pertussis
First phase
Second phase: severe coughing attacks (paroxysms)
Tuberculosis
Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis;acid fast rod
Asymptomatic late infection that progresses to active infection cough with blood, fatigue weight loss
Pneumonia
Typical- high fever , chest pain, gram positive or negative , 80% cases usually from this
Atypical- low fever, little to no chills, community required typically associated, XR looks worse , no culture , 20%
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the bacteria associated. Gram positive and diplococcus
Humans to human transmission
Via respiratory droplets
Haemophilus influenzae hib pneumonia
Haemophilus bacteria influenzae, gram negative bacteria
Non zoonotic illness
Atypical pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Legionella species
Zoonotic illness
Psittacosis
Q fever
Tularemia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (walking pneumonia)
Lack cell wall neither gram positive or negative
Asymptomatic
Symptomatic chills cough fever muscle ache
Chlamydophila pneumonia
Bacteria is chlamydophila pneumoniae; gram negative bacteria
Sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis
Legionaires disease
Legionella pneumophilia ; gram negative. Transmission aerosols
Can be found in water
Psittacosis
Chlamydophila psittaci ; gram negative
Pet shop workers, zoo employees
Transmitted through bird droppings
Muscle aches, stiffness and spasms of back
Q fever (query fever)
Coxiella burnetti; gram negative
Flu like symptoms
Transmission; unpasteurized milk and cheese, livestock become infected from ticks,
Tularemia (rabbit fever)
Francisella tularensis ; gram negative
Extremely infectious zoonotic disease
Airborne from hay contaminated with animal carcasses
Lymph nodes can become enlarged
Mycoses
Infection bacterial or viral in the respiratory tract due to fungus
Endemic fungi vs ubiquitous fungi
Grow in specific geographical locations vs varied climates under diverse conditions and are part of normal flora. Infections only occur in immunocompromised patients
Fungal infections
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Aspergillus
Pneumocystis pneumonia
Blastomycosis (Chicago disease)
Blastomyces dermatitis bacteria
Non communicable
Digging wood or construction (airborne)
Anti fungal drugs
Coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)
Bacteria coccidioides immits
Coccidioides posadasii
Non communicable.spread with the wind
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Airborne w dust and soil poo
Bat and bird droppings
Invasive aspergillosis
Aspergillus species
Inhalation of spores
Pcp pneumocystis pneumonia
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Reservoir unknown
Transmission asymptomatic human carriers
Dry cough
Febrile seizures
Convulsions , twitching or shaking induced by fever
Congenital rubella syndrome
Condition in infants born of mothers who contract rubella while pregnant may result in blindness, deafness and heart conditions in baby
Skin defense mechanisms
Melanin- antimicrobial properties
Persipation - acidic PH, high salt content, washes away microbes
Lysozyme - enzymes present in sweat
Breaks down peptodoglycan
Sebum- lipis and proteins help moisture hair follicles
Normal microbiota of the skin you should be familiar with
Gram positive cocci - staphylococcus species
Gram negative rods- pseudomonas and janthinibacterium
Fungi- malassezia
Viral skin infections
Chickenpox and shingles
Smallpox
Human herpes virus 1 and 2
Measles
Rubella
Fifth disease
Roseola
Hand foot and mouth disease
Warts
Chickenpox and shingles
Caused by varicella zoster (herpes family)
Highly contagious
Spread through respiratory droplets and direct contact with pox lesions
Chicken pox
Vesicular rash
Itchy and fever
Respiratory tract migrates to blood
Shingles
Reactivation of the virus
Appears as band of blisters on one side of the body
Can lead to PHN postherpetic neuralgia
Small pox
Respiratory droplets or touching contaminated fomites
Eradicated
Human herpes simplex virus one
Oral herpes
Produce vesicular skin lesions transmitted through saliva or contaminated fomites
Becomes latent
No cure or vaccine
Herpes gladitorum
Common in wrestlers
Contact with mats or direct contact with an infected wrestler
Break out on the face
Herpes whitlow
Occurred when virus enters fingers via abrasion common in healthcare workers
Maculopapular rashes
Small, slightly raised
Associated with measles
Rubella
Rubeola
Fifth disease
Hand foot and mouth
Measles
Respiratory route spread
Koplik’s spots in mouth
Begins in mouth spreads to trunk and capillaries
Contagious without showing signs
Rubella; togaviridae family
RNA
Enters via respiratory tract spreads to lymph nodes and to the rest of the body by blood stream
Fifth disease ( erythema infectious);
Slapped cheek syndrome
Caused by parvovirus B19
Rash may develop on trunk and limbs
Roseola
Caused by herpes 6 and 7
Red rash that covers most of body
Fever
Hand foot and mouth disease
Coxsakievirus A16
Enterovirus 71
Lesions in hands and feet
Warts
Itchy and hurt
Papillomarvirus infection
Most warts self resolve
Acne
Clogging of skin pores
Genetics
Hormone levels
