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Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Lack of thyroxine in children may result in

A

Crentinism

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2
Q

The target site for thyroid stimulating hormone is/are

A

Follicular cells of the thyroid

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3
Q

Increased calcitonin reduces the blood concentration of

A

Ca++

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4
Q

Kidney stones are commonly seen in hyperparathyroidism

A

True

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5
Q

A childhood disorder where the epiphyseal plate is over stimulated results from excessive production of

A

GH

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6
Q

Hormones

A

Are chemical messengers
May be steroids
May be proteins or amino acid derivatives
Have target tissues

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7
Q

When levels of thyroxine and T3 are optimal this will cause?

A

Decreased production of TRH and TSH

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8
Q

The hormones concerned with calcium metabolism are

A

PTH and CT
Parathyroid hormone and calcuo

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9
Q

Hypersecretion of GH in adults produces

A

Acromegaly

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10
Q

An increase in the rate of protein synthesis especially by the cells in the skeletal and muscular systems is an important effect of

A

GH

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11
Q

Along the thyroid hormones T3, is the more potent hormone

A

True

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12
Q

Which of the following causes release of ACTH

A

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

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13
Q

Which hormone would increase blood pressure?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

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14
Q

Naturally occurring hormones in the body act by

A

Binding to receptors on the cell surface or inside of the cell

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15
Q

A woman in prolonged labor is diagnosed as having weak uterine contractions. The most probable cause could be

A

Insufficient production of oxytocin

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16
Q

As a rule , hormone contractions are usually controlled by

A

Negative feedback systems

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17
Q

Which hormones are gonadotropins?

A

FSH and LH

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18
Q

Which hormone has a destructive effect on the skeletal system?

A

Parathormone (bone remodeling)

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19
Q

Diabetes insipidus occurs as a result of

A

Hyposecretion of ADH

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20
Q

When a person loses a great deal of blood due to hemorrhage, the blood pressure drops. In attempt to raise blood pressure which of the following hormones will be secreted?

A

ADH and epinephrine

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21
Q

What pair of hormones has antagonistic actions?

A

Aldosterone -ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

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22
Q

Which hormones are considered to be long and short term stress hormones?

A

Cortisol, epinephrine

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23
Q

When would insulin be secrete

A

After a largeeal

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24
Q

Glucose levels in the blood are very low for a long time. Under these conditions which hormones would stimulate the production of new glucose for other noncarbohydrate molecules

A

Cortisol, glucagon

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25
Q

What hormone increases the uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

A

Insulin

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26
Q

What causes Addison’s disease?

A

Hyposecretion of Aldosterone and cortisol

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27
Q

What causes Cushing’s syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol

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28
Q

Tumur of the suprarenal medulla can cause

A

Hypertension

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29
Q

What can cause graves disease

A

Hypersecretion of thyroxine

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30
Q

The stimulus for the release of glucagon is

A

Low blood pressure

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31
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Patients are usually thin, often seen in younger age groups, treated with insulin injections

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32
Q

Blood sugar drops a couple hours after eating. What hormone would cause an increase in blood glucose because of this stimulation?

A

Glucagon

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33
Q

As a general response to stress, the blood concentrations of

A

Epinephrine and cortisol rise

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34
Q

What would not be a generic action of hormones?

A

Promote phagocytosis (cell eating)

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35
Q

Hyposecretion of insulin may result in

A

Diabetes mellitus

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36
Q

Pepsinogen a digestive enzyme is secreted by the

A

Chief cells of the stomach

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37
Q

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas respectively unite to open into the

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

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38
Q

The pilcae circularis and the intestinal villi are seen in which layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall?

39
Q

Tiffany suffers from a condition which causes increased secretion of hydrochloric acid in her gastrointestinal tract due to the increase of a particular cell population. Which of the following cell population is the one increased in her case?

A

Parietal cells

40
Q

All of the following are true of the large intestine

A

It does not have villi
It has numerous goblet cells
It has longitudinal bands called taenia
It has sacculations

41
Q

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factors in order to be absorbed

A

Vitamin B12

42
Q

An incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the

43
Q

Marty has swelling in the front of her ear which is extremely painful and especially so when she eats. She is told that it is a glandular inflammation. Which of the gonads mentioned below do you think is affected?

A

Parotid salivary gland

44
Q

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following best accomplish the task?

A

Pilcae circularis and villi

45
Q

Mary was suffering from typhoid fever and was told it had affected the peyers patches in her body and caused ulcerations in these patches. Which part of her gastrointestinal tract was affected?

A

Ileum (third part of the small intestine)

46
Q

Pilcae circularis are macroscopic folds that are seen in the

A

Small intestine

47
Q

Gastric reflux of acid, into the esophagus is prevented by

A

A physiological sphincter that is present at the lower end of the esophagus

48
Q

The vermiform appendix is part of the large intestine

49
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs much of the water remaining in the undigested chyme

50
Q

Histological picture of the liver includes

A

Hexagonal lobules, lobules have plates of cells around a central vein, the portal triad is seen in the CT around the corners, and consists of branches of the hepatic artery, bile duct and portal vein

51
Q

The opening of the salivary glands is in the

A

Oral cavity

52
Q

The opening of the vile and pancreatic ducts is seen in the

A

Second part of the duodenum

53
Q

You would expect to find darkly staining acini as well as lighting staining acini in the submandibular salivary gland

54
Q

You would expect to find the Meissner’s and myenteric nerve plexus in the

A

Submucosa and muscularis externa

55
Q

The bile duct is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

56
Q

Cells responsible for secreting intrinsic factor are

A

Parietal cells of the stomach

57
Q

Sacculations in the large intestine are due to

A

Bands of longitudinal muscle called taenia

58
Q

The submucosa contains all of the following

A

Lymphatics
Glands
Blood vessel
DOES NOT INCLUDE MYENTERIC NERVE PLEXUS

59
Q

Abdominal organs are completely or partially covered by the visceral layer of peritoneum and are surrounded by the peritoneal cavity

60
Q

Which cell secretes gastrin?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

61
Q

Which of the below organs is the primary site of nutrient absorption

A

Small intestine

62
Q

Digestion of which of the following would be affected if the liver was severely damaged

A

Lipids (fats)

63
Q

Brush bordee enzymes are produced by

A

Epithelial cells lining the villi of the small intestine

64
Q

When fatty chyme comes in contact with mucosa of the duodenum, it stimulates the release of ____ which acts on the ___

A

CCK, gallbladder

65
Q

Pepsinogen is produced in the ______ and initiates the chemical breakdown of _____

A

Stomach, proteins

66
Q

Which of the following Is a precursor to the gastric enzyme responsible for protein digestion

A

Pepsinogen

67
Q

Although food does not pass through this structure enzymes are secreted here that are capable of digesting carbohydrates, fats and proteins

68
Q

Carbohydrate digestion initiated in the oral cavity continues in the esophagus because

A

The PH in the esophagus is similar to the PH in the oral cavity

69
Q

Samantha was diagnosed as having gastric ulcers and her stomach contents were sent for analysis. The results showed that that she did have helicobacter pylori infection. Amog the choices below, which would be a likely possibility as being that cause of the ulcer?

A

Increased histamine secretions

70
Q

When chyme is squirted into duodenum what is the normal amount that is squirted at each wave?

71
Q

The churning movements of the stomach are controlled by pace maker cells found in the

A

Walls of the stomach

72
Q

Which of the following apply to the small intestine?

A

Most of the nutrient absorption from the digestive tract occurs here

73
Q

The stimulus for production of intestinal juice is the presence of acidic chyme in the small intestine

74
Q

The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin

A

Digestion of proteins

75
Q

The microscopic structures in the small intestine that increase its surface area and this aid in the absorption of food are called

76
Q

Control of digestive activity is mainly through the sympathetic nervous system

77
Q

Chemical digestion involves

A

Enzymatic action on complex substances to break them into simpler substances

78
Q

How is salvation controlled

A

By the parasympathetic nervous system

79
Q

Which of the following are passively absorbed

A

Water, fat

80
Q

Which one of the following would most likely neutralize acid in the intestine

A

Secretion of bicarbonate ions by the pancreas

81
Q

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates is initiated in the _____ with _____ enzymes

A

Mouth, amylase

82
Q

Brush border enzymes help digest

A

Carbohydrate and proteins

83
Q

Which of the following substances would not be able to act directly on food to cause chemical digestion

84
Q

The enzymes most responsible for acting on fat is primarily produced by the

85
Q

Mucous secreted by the stomach serves to

A

Protect the stomach from.HCl

86
Q

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle and election transport chain are located in the

A

Mitochondria

87
Q

Chemical digestion of lipids results in which products

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

88
Q

The absorbable products of protein are

A

Amino acids

89
Q

When amino acids are utilized to synthesize glucose the process is called

A

Gluconeogenesis

90
Q

The function of chylomicrons is to

A

Transport lipids in the dirt to adipose tissue for storage

91
Q

Which of the following substances increase in amount during cellular respiration

92
Q

In the complete aerobic breakdown of a glucose molecule one of the end products removed by the body is

A

Carbon dioxide

93
Q

All of the following have a protein component besides

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular (27 decks)

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