Immune Flashcards
Which is produced by skin as a first line of defense
Keratin and sweat
Chemotaxis-
Process by which white blood cells are attracted the site of injury
Innate defense
(Inborn; natural)
Name 1st and 2nd line of defenses
1st line- external body membrane (skin and mucasae)
2nd line- antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells. Most importantly inflammation
Adaptive defense system
Third line of defense
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
Humoral immunity - b cells
Cellular immunity - T cells
Surface barriers first line of defense
Acid - inhibits microbe growth called acid mantle
Enzymes - lysomes of saliva, respiratory mucus, And lacrimal fluid kills many microrganisms, enzymes in stomach
Mucin- sticky mucus in stomach and respiratory track traps microrganisms
Defensins- antimicrobial peptides that inhibits microbial growth
Innate defense
Second line of defense
Phagocytes
Natural killers
Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, wbcs, and inflammatory chemicals)
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins
Fever
Pattern recognition receptors
Many second line cells have them which recognize and bind tightly in microbes disarming them before they do harm
Toll like receptors
Play a central role in triggering immune response
Neutrophils
Most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic in exposure to infectious material
Will migrate to the site of infection within a few hours
Macrophages
Develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells
Free- wander through tissue spaces; alveolar
Fixed- permanent resident of some organ; stellate macrophages ( liver) and microglia (Brian)
Phagocytosis
1- The phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogens carbohydrate signature
Opsonization - immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins as opsonins that cost pathogens act as handles for phagocytes to grab into enhancing phagocytosis
Natural killer cells
Nonphagocytic
Perforins- permeate cell membrane to release content of the cell
Secretes chemicals to enhance inflammation response
Kill by inducing apoptosis
Leukocytosis
An increase in the number of white blood cells
Edema
Caused by excess tissue fluid in the injured area; helps dilute harmful substances and brings in excess oxygen
What mineral does the liver and spleen sequester during a fever
Iron and zinc
Hyperemia
Increased blood flow due to vasodilation of blood vessels entering the injured area
A person may harbor pathogen walled off in ____ for years without displaying symptoms
Granulomas
When collagen fibers laid down to wall of a sac of pus, what structure is formed?
An abscess
Natural killer cells
Specialize in attacking cancer cells and virus infected
Pyrogen
Secreted by leukocytes and macrophages fever inducing molecule
Mucous membranes
Nonspecific barrier defense
Complement proteins
Work by forming pores in the membranes of target cells
Complement Cascade
Not a surface barrier to pathogens influx
Exudate
Fluid that seeps from the capillary containing clotting factors and antibodies during inflammation
Opsonization
A process of coating a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis
Macrophages
Common antigen presenting cell APC
Diapedesis
Neutrophils squeeze through walls of capillaries into tissues
What are the two main sequestered antigens?
Lens of eye and sperm cells
MHC proteins
Major histocompatibility complex
Glycoprotein that act as markers for self and non self antigens
B lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
T lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity
Help t cells
Activate both T and B cells
Suppressor t cells
Shut off immune system when job is done
Humoral response
Brought about by B lymphocytes
(B lymphocytes are made immunocompetent in bone marrow)
Prime response is antibody production
Ab bind to extracellular targets
Plasma cells
Memory b cells
Antibodies are also known as
Immunoglobulins or gamma globulins
Classes of antibodies
Iga- tears/saliva
IgM- primary response
IgG- secondary response
IgE- allergies
IdD- act as antigens receptors on B cells
Antigens-antibody complex
Activate complement causes lysis or enhances phagocytosis or inflammation
