Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What two intrinsic systems make up the immune system?

A

Innate and adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which is antigen specific between innate and adaptive?

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the constituents of the innate system?

A

1st and 2nd line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the first line of defense

A

External body membranes
(Skin and mucosae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes inflammation and other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the constituents of the adaptive defense system?

A

Third line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Attacks particular foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fun facts about innate and adaptive defenses

A

Both recognize many of the same defensive molecules
Innate defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances
Innate responses release proteins that alert cells of the adaptive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Simplified overview of innate and adaptive systems

A

Innate defense- surface barriers
Skin and mucous
Internal defenses- phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins and fever

Adaptive - humoral immunity (B cells)
Cellular immunity (T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acid inhibits microbe growth
Enzymes- lysozyme of saliva and respiratory kill microorganisms
Mucin- sticky mucus that lines digesoand respiratory tract and helps trap microorganisms
Defensins- antimicrobial peptides that inhibits microbial growth

A

Protective chemicals produced by skin and mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Second line of defense cells and chemicals

A

phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pattern recognition receptors

A

Many second line cells have this. It helps them to recognize and bind tightly to structures in microbes disarming them before they do harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Toll like receptors

A

Play central role in triggering immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which cell dies fighting?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Opsonization

A

The immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins as opsonins that coat pathogens. This helps phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte adheres to pathogen or debris

Phagocytes form pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming a phagasome

Lysozyme fuses with the phagocytic vesicle forming a phagolysysome

Toxic compounds and lysosomal enzymes destroy pathogen

Sometimes exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer and virus infected cells

Secretes hormones that enhance inflammation

Perforins permeate cell membrane to release cell contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

Redness and heat because of dilation of blood vessels
Swelling because of compressed nerves
Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stages of inflammation

A

Inflammatory chemical release
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
Phagocytes mobilize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inflammatory chemical release

A

Chemicals are released into ECF by injured tissues or immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Histamine

A

Released by mast cells. Attracts macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Other inflammatory mediators

A

Kinins , prostaglandins, cytokines and if pathogens are involved complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do these inflammation chemicals have in common?

A

All cause vasodilation of local arterioles
All make capillaries leaky
Many attract phagocytes to area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause?

A

Vasodilation causes hyperemia and the increase in capillary permeability causes exudate

25
Q

Hyperemia

A

Congestion with blood
It leads to redness and heat

26
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies leak into tissue. Leads to swelling (edema) and swelling pushes on nerves resulting in pain

27
Q

Tissue response to injury
Phagocytes mobilize

A

Four steps

28
Q

Release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis -inducing factors from injured cells

A

Leukocytosis

29
Q

Endothelial cells of capillaries in inflamed area project cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) into vessel lumen that grab onto passing neutrophils, causing them to slow and roll along, clinging to vessel wall

A

Margination

30
Q

Neutrophils flatten and squeeze between endothelial cells, moving into interstitial spaces

A

Diapedesis

31
Q

Inflammatory chemicals act as chemotactic agents that promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils toward the injured area. WBC’s are drawn to area of inflammation

A

Chemotaxis

32
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

Interferons and fever + complement proteins

33
Q

Interferons

A

Prevents replication of virus when virus enters our body by warning other cells

34
Q

Complement proteins

A

Enhance cell lysis , phagocytosis and inflammation

35
Q

Fever

A

Prevent microbial proliferation by making essential substances unavailable to them

36
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Responsible for determining which lymphocyte cell or cells will eventually become activated

37
Q

Systemic

A

Not restricted to initial site

38
Q

Memory

A

Mounts and even stronger attack to known antigens

39
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibodies produced by lymphocytes circulate freely in body fluids
Extracellular targets

40
Q

Cellular immunity

A

Lymphocytes act against target cell
Cellular immunity gas cellular targets

41
Q

Characteristics of antigens

A

Can be complete or hapten (incomplete)
Contain anti genetic determinants
Can be self antigen
Present in the external surface of cells
Can be anything that is seen as foreign

42
Q

What are the antigen presenting cells

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells

43
Q

Active humoral immunity

A

Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

44
Q

What are the two types of active humoral immunity

A

Naturally acquired and artificially acquired

45
Q

Active naturally acquired

A

Formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection (mumps)

46
Q

Active artificially acquired

A

Formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens

47
Q

Passive humoral immunity

A

Occurs when ready made antibodies are introduced into body

48
Q

Passive naturally acquired

A

Antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk

49
Q

Passive artificially acquired

A

Injection of serum, such as gamma globulins

50
Q

IgM

A

First antibody released
Potent agglutinating agent
Readily fixes and activates complement

51
Q

IgA

A

Found in mucus and other secretions
Helps prevent entry if pathogens

52
Q

IgD

A

Attached to the surface of B cells
Functions as B cells receptors

53
Q

IgG

A

75_85% of antibodies in plasma
From secondary to late response
Crosses placental barrier

54
Q

IgE

A

Active in some allergies and parasitic infections
Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

55
Q

B lymphocytes (plasma cells) make antibodies

A
56
Q

Antibody targets and functions

A

Antibodies do not destroy antigens ; they inactivate and tag them

57
Q

Antigens-antibody immune complex

A

Activates complement proteins

58
Q

Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies

A

Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions