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Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular > TEST > Flashcards

TEST Flashcards

1
Q

What are genes ?

A

Segments of DNA (units of heredity) that provide instructions for synthesis of protein

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

Genetic makeup of an organism with maternal and paternal genes

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3
Q

How many chromosomes are in non sex cells

A

46

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4
Q

How many pairs of autosomes are there?

A

22 pairs

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5
Q

How many pairs of sex hormones are there

A

1 pair

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6
Q

What are alleles?

A

They are copies of genes that differ from each other.

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7
Q

What term is used to describe alleles of a gene pair that are different?

A

Heterozygous

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8
Q

What term is used to describe alleles that are the same for a single trait

A

Homozygous dominant

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9
Q

What term is used to describe alleles that are suppressed by the dominant allele?

A

Homozygous recessive

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10
Q

Why are x linked diseases expressed much more commonly in males ?

A

Because males have only 1 x instead of 2 like females. The male would only need 1 recessive allele to express the disease whereas female would need 2 recessive alleles

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11
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

First 8 weeks after fertilization

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12
Q

What is the fetal period

A

Week 9 to birth

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13
Q

In order for successful fertilization the sperm must reach the ovulated secondary oocyte.

A
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14
Q

When is the oocyte viable?

A

12-24 hours

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15
Q

When is the sperm viable?

A

24-48 hours

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16
Q

What happens when the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, what happens to the oocyte?

A

The oocyte completes meiosis 2 to form the ovum (a mature female reproductive cell)

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17
Q

What happens to the zygote as it moves toward the uterus?

A

Cell division process referred to as cleavage. Rapid mitotic division

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18
Q

After 72 hours there is a cluster of cells that contains 16 or more cells. What is the name of this solid ball of embryonic cells?

A

Morula

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19
Q

When do blastocysts form?

A

Around 4-5 days and consists of 100 cells

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20
Q

What is the composition of a blastocyst?

A

They consist of trophoblast and embryoblast called the inner cell mass

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21
Q

At what stage of embryonic development does implantation in the uterus occur?

A

Blastocyst

22
Q

Know the order of cleavage

A

Fertilization, zygote, morula, blastocyst, implantation, development of chorionic villi

23
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

6-7 days after ovulation

24
Q

The trophoblast cells secrete chorionic gonadotropin. What is HCG’S function?

A

Stimulates corpus luteum to continue secretion of progesterone and estrogen

25
Q

In later stages of pregnancy what produces estrogen and progesterone?

A

Placenta

26
Q

What do pregnancy kits test for ?

A

HCG in urine

27
Q

What develops into the embryonic organ systems?

A

Inner cell mass

28
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

Occurs 3 weeks, embryonic disc transforms into 3 layered embryo with 3 primary germ layers

29
Q

What develops from ectoderm?

A

Becomes the nervous system and skin epidermis

30
Q

What develops from the endoderm?

A

Becomes epithelial lining of digestive , respiratory, urogenital systems and associated glands

31
Q

What develops from mesoderms?

A

Muscular system

32
Q

What type of blood is transported in the umbilical arteries

A

Deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

33
Q

What type of blood is transported in the umbilical veins?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

34
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

A shunt that bypasses the liver by draining the umbilical vein into the ductus venosus which empties into IVC

35
Q

What is the foramen ovale

A

An opening in interatrial septum bypasses pulmonary circulation

36
Q

What is ductus arteriosus

A

A shunt that bypasses pulmonary circulation by draining the pulmonary trunk into the ductus arteriosus into the aorta

37
Q

When does the reproductive system become active?

A

It does not become active until puberty

38
Q

What are gametes produced by the female and male organs?

A

Sperm produced by testes and ova produced by ovaries

39
Q

How many chromosomes are in the gametes?

A

23- bc DNA is reduced during meiosis

40
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

23 chromosomes which are present in sex cells

41
Q

What nomenclature (name) is used to describe haploid?

A

n= 23 chromosomes

42
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes 46 total chromosomes that are present in non sex cells

43
Q

What namenclature is used to describe diploid?

A

2n,= 46 chromosomes

44
Q

What is formed from the combination of genetic material formed through fertilization

A

Zygote

45
Q

What hormone released from the hypothalamus controls the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

GnRH controls the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

46
Q

What function do these gonadotropins hormones have on the male and female gonads?

A

In the female LH causes ovulation and FSH stimulates the follicle to further develop in the ovaries. In males LH stimulates testosterone production and FSH stimulates spermatogenesis

47
Q

What is the pathway for sperm to travel after leaving the testes

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and urethra

48
Q

Since the epididymis is the the first part of the duct system after the testes what is its function?

A

Primary region of sperm storage and maturation

49
Q

What are the accessory gland of males reproductive system?

A

Seminal gland, prostate, bulbourethral gland

50
Q

How are the testes different from the ovary ?

A

The testes require a lower temperature which is necessary for sperm production

51
Q

Sperms and ovum carry?

A

Haploid numbers of chromosomes

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular (27 decks)

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