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Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular > Exam 6 & 7 > Flashcards

Exam 6 & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is transport maximum?

A

specific and limited number that reflects the number of carriers in renal tubules that are available

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2
Q

what hormones affect reabsorption in the renal tubules and collecting ducts?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP. parathyroid hormone, ADH, aldosterone

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3
Q

What does ANP do? what hormone is antagonistic to ANP?

A

ANP is released by cardiac atrial cells and reduces blood Na+ resulting in decreased blood volume and blood pressure. Aldosterone is antagonistic.

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4
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Acts on DCT to increase Ca2+ reabsortion

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5
Q

what does ADH do?

A

Increases permeability of water in the DCT and collecting duct to produce concentrated urine. low ADH makes DCT and collecting duct less permeable therefore urine is less concentrated

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6
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

Reabsorption of Na+ in the DCT

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7
Q

if someone is losing electrolytes which hormones would be increased in the blood?

A

Aldosterone and ADH

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8
Q

which hormones raise and lower BP?

A

angiotensin, aldosterone, ADH raise BP. ANP lowers BP.

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9
Q

where does most reabsorption occur?

A

PCT

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10
Q

which part of the renal tubule is water reabsorption hormonally controlled

A

DCT and collecting duct

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11
Q

what is the countercurrent mechanism and what are the two parts of it?

A

The countercurrent mechanism consists of the descending and ascending portions of the nehron loop. The interaction of filtrate creates a gradient, and the countercurrent mechanism is the blood flow in the descending, ascending and vasta recta which preserves the gradient.

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12
Q

what is the medullary osmotic gradient from the cortex to the renal medulla?

A

It runs from 300 mOsm in the cortex to 1200 mOsm in the medulla

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13
Q

how does the medullary osmotic gradient affect the collecting duct?

A

The collecting duct uses the gradient to adjust urine osmolality.

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14
Q

what events happen when you are overhydrated?

A

decreased osmolality (concentration of particles) of extracellular fluid >decrease in ADH release from posterior pituitary> decreased number of H2O channels in collecting ducts> decreased reabsorption from collecting ducts> produce a large amount of concentrated urine

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15
Q

what happens when you are dehydrated?

A

increased osmolality of extracellular fluid> increased ADH released from posterior pituitary> increased number of H2O channels> reabsorption from collecting duct> produce a small amount of concentrated urine

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16
Q

what is the result of hypoproteinemia?

A

low levels of plasma protein can lead to tissue edema because fluid would not be removed from cells

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17
Q

in case of albuminuria (protein albumin in urine), what would happen to the osmotic pressure in the blood?

A

since the albumin would appear in the urine it would no longer be present in the blood and the osmotic pressure would decrease

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18
Q

what is the function of the ureter

A

helps urine produced from the kidney travels to the urinary bladder via peristasis

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19
Q

what are the layers of the of the ureter?

A

mucosa (epithelium), muscularis (smooth muscle), and outer adventia

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20
Q

what type of epithelium lines the ureter?

A

transitional epithelium

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21
Q

If someone has a kidney stone that blocks their ureter urine wont flow into what part of the urinary system?

A

urinary bladder

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the urinary bladder?

A

temporary storage for urine that can hold up to 500ml of urine

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23
Q

where is the location of the urinary bladder?

A

retroperitoneally posterior to the pubic symphysis

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24
Q

what is the trigone?

A

triangular shaped structure at the base of the urinary bladder with 2 ureteral openings and 1 urethral

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25
Q

what is the makeup of the epithelium of the urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium near the opening of the bladder and stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice.

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26
Q

what is the difference between a male and females’ urethras?

A

male urethra is longer

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27
Q

what are the parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and penile spongy urethra

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28
Q

what is micturition (action of urinating) and what triggers it?

A

emptying of bladder, excitation of parasympathetic nervous system that causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter.

29
Q

How much fluid makes of the ECF and what does it contain? What are the major ions in the ECF?

A

The ECF is 20% of our body weight. 80% of interstitial fluid and 20% plasma.
K+ and HPO42-

30
Q

What direction does water move when the ECF osmolarity increases

A

water leaves the cell by osmosis

31
Q

what is the result of this water movement?

A

cells shrink (crenate)

32
Q

what direction does water move when the ECF osmolality decreases

A

water enters the cell by osmosis and cell swells

33
Q

what does a rise in osmolality do to the body?

A

rise is osmolality stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus

34
Q

what hormone is released?

A

ADH is released

35
Q

What does a drop in osmolality do to the body? what hormone is released?

A

decrease in osmolality inhibits the thirst center of the hypothalamus. ADH is inhibited

36
Q

what are the major sources and amounts of water intake? what are the major sources and output of water?

A

10% metabolism (250ml), 30% foods (750ml) and 60% beverages 91500ml) intake

feces 4% (100ml), sweat 8% (200ml), insensible loss via skin and lungs 28% (700ml), urine 60% (1500ml)

37
Q

where is the thirst mechanism located?

A

hypothalamus

38
Q

what is the main stimulus that activates the thirst center?

A

major physiological factors include a rise in plasma osmolality and other stimuli like a dry mouth, decreased blood volume or pressure, angiotensin 11 or baroreceptor input

39
Q

what effect will drinking excessive quantities of water have? hat effect will drinking very little water have?

A

excessive amounts- it will cause ADH levels to be low and DCT and collecting ducts to be impermeable to water.
little water- It will causes ADH levels to be high and the DCT and collecting ducts to be permeable to water.

40
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hypernatremia? (increased sodium concentration in the blood)

A

Dehydration or excessive IV Nacl: this can lead to CNS dehydration which could lead to confusion and lethargy as well as increased neuromuscular irritability

41
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hyponatremia?

A

vomiting, diaherra, burned skin or anything that leads to loss of electrolytes

42
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hyperkalemia (High potassium levels in the blood.)

A

renal failure, deficit of aldosterone that could lead to vomiting, diarrhea, or reduced excitability

43
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hypokalemia? (Below normal blood potassium level)

A

GI disturbances, gastric suction, cushings syndrome that could lead to cardiac arrhythmias, non responsiveness, flattened T waves on ECG

44
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hyperphospatemia? (elevated amount of phosphate in blood)

A

decreased urine loss, hypoparathyroidism, reciprocal changes in ca2+ levels

45
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hypophospatemia?

A

decreased intestinal absorption, hyperthyroidism

46
Q

what are some causes and consequences of hyperchloremia?

A

dehydration, metabolic acidosis (related to H abnormalities) excess of chloride in blood)

47
Q

What are some causes and consequences of hypochloremia

A

Metabolic alkalosis due to vomiting or aldosterone deficiency

48
Q

What are some causes and consequences of hypercalcemia?

A

Burns, vitamin D deficiency leading to tingling fingers , tremors, and skeletal cramps

49
Q

What are some causes and consequences of hyper magnesium

A

Renal failure, can lead to lethargy and impaired CNS

50
Q

What are some causes of hypomagnesemia

A

Alcohol, chronic diarrhea, can lead to tremors and convulsion

51
Q

What is the primary regulator for ECF na+ concentration

A

ADH and thirst mechanisms

52
Q

Sodium is related to

A

Blood pressure

53
Q

Where is 65% of na+ reabsorbed

A

PCT

54
Q

Where is 25% of sodium reabsorbed

A

Nephron loop

55
Q

When blood pressure increases, how do cardiovascular baroreceptors respond

A

Afferent arterioles dilate, GFR increases, blood volume and pressure drop

56
Q

What is the normal PH range in the blood stream

A

7.35-7.45

57
Q

What is the measurement of PH in the blood

A

Number of free H+ ions

58
Q

What would the PH for alkalosis be

A

Greater than 7.45

59
Q

What would the PH for acidosis be

A

Less than 7.35

60
Q

What are the 3 methods for regulating H+ in the blood

A

Chemical buffer, brain system centers, renal mechanisms

61
Q

How does a chemical buffer system work

A

Prevents a radical change in fluid PH by dampening the change in hydrogen ion concentrations in the case of excess acid or base. To much acid will

62
Q

What does the body do in response to hypercapnia (to much C02 in blood)

A

Your body will activate your medullary chemoreceptors to increase respiratory rate and depth

63
Q

What does hyperventilation cause

A

Respiratory alkalosis

64
Q

What does hypoventilation cause

A

Respiratory acidosis

65
Q

How are lactic acids and ketones removed from the body

A

The kidney

66
Q

How does the nephron respond to ketoacidosis (body produces excess blood acids)

A

Secrete H+ ions

67
Q

What are the main signs and causes of metabolic acidosis (to much acid builds in the body)

A

Low bicarbonate, severe diarrhea (losing bicarbonates) untreated diabetes mellitus

68
Q

What are the main signs and causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

High bicarbonate, the use of diuretics and the external loss of gastric secretions by vomiting and gastric suctioning, ingestion of excessive antacids, excessive aldosterone

Anatomy and phys. cardiovascular (27 decks)

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