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neuropsych > visual perception flashcards > Flashcards

visual perception flashcards

1
Q

Optic pathways

A

very complex system, occupies the entire rostro-caudal length of the telencephalon

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2
Q

optic pathways organization

A

Organized according to a hierarchical system that allows the flow of information from the organ of perception (eye) to the occipital cerebral cortex

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3
Q

FROM cortex

A

projection pathways branch out, connecting different “stations” that process different aspects of visual data

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4
Q

organ of perception

A

eye

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5
Q

Retina

A

portion of the eye containing the cells that have differentiated for the purpose of perceiving light stimuli

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6
Q

retina has ___ sensitivity

A

Great sensitivity (allowing the perception of a single photon) due to the large concentration of photoreceptors:

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7
Q

Rods

A

monochromatic

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8
Q

Cones

A

trichromatic

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9
Q

Visual Field

A

eye works similarly to a camera, in that images are projected onto the retina “flipped”

Example: the back portion of the image onto the lower portion of the retina and vice versa

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10
Q

Information about portions of the visual field remains

A

segregated as it travels along the optic pathways maintaining a “retinotopic” organization

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11
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

organized into layers of neurons receiving information from both the contralateral and ipsilateral retina

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12
Q

LGM layers 1 - 2

A

magnocellular (movement)

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13
Q

LGN layers 3 - 6

A

parvocellular (shape and color)

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14
Q

The koniocellular layer

A

responds to color

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15
Q

Each LGN contains information about the

A

contralateral visual field, organized in a visuotopic manner – identical points in the retinal field are stacked

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16
Q

V1

A

responsible for the primary analysis of visual stimuli and maintains a retinotopic organization

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17
Q

V1 corresponds to _____ and called

A

corresponds to Brodmann’s area (BA) 17 and called striate cortex (because of the appearance it takes on a particular coloration that highlights a bundle of fibers that crosses it, called Gennari’s stria)

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18
Q

V1 retains the

A

6-layer structure of the isocortex but is characterized by a typical columnar organization formed by cellular thickenings (blobs) separated by interposed areas (interblobs)

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19
Q

V2

A

organized into parallel striae oriented at right angles to the boundary with V1

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20
Q

Groups of blobs and interblobs are organized

A

into columns of ocular dominance

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21
Q

V2 contains

A

(a) thick, (b) thin, (c) pale stripes

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22
Q

Thick stripes

A

receive projections from layer IV-B neurons (which receive terminations from the magnocellular part of the LGN) and responds to movement

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23
Q

Thin stripes

A

receive projects from blob neurons and respond to color

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24
Q

Pale stripes

A

receive projects from interblob neurons and are related to visual acuity and devoted to shape analysis

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25
Q

V2 is also important for

A

stereopsis (3D vision)

26
Q

V4

A

processes colors; also responds to moving targets, without specificity for direction

27
Q

V5/MT

A

important for stereopsis and responds selectively to direction of motion

28
Q

Segregation of information observed in V1 and V2 =

A

functional substrate for subsequent processing of visual information

29
Q

Two main pathways of visual processing

A

dorsal and ventral

30
Q

dorsal and ventral diverge within

A

V3, which has distinguished dorsal and ventral portions

31
Q

Ventral pathway

A

responsible for elaboration of shapes and colors that, through different stages, leads to intermediate and then complete representations of objects up to their recognition

32
Q

ventral pathway STARTS from

A

the parvicellular projections of LGN that reach V1

Blob: color and contrast

Interblob: line orientation

33
Q

ventral pathway THEN

A

involves V2 where the elaboration of the shape objects begins

Pale stripes: contours

Thin stripes: color

34
Q

ventral pathway IN

A

V4 color matching, not limited to the main cardinal axes (red-green, blue-yellow) and processing of object contours takes place

Also receives a contingent of the magnocellular (motion) stream that is used to identify the contours of moving objects

35
Q

The INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX

A

integrates information to identify objects by combining color, textures, and shape

Also contains regions specifically devoted to the identification of faces and body parts

36
Q

the inferior temporal cortex level, the neuronal response in

A

invariant with respond to location, size and illumination

37
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

devoted to the processing of movement and position in space

38
Q

dorsal pathway BEGINS

A

with magnocellular projections from the LGN that arrive in V1 (layer IV-B; IV-Calpha)

39
Q

dorsal pathway reaches

A

V2 (thick stripes)

40
Q

dorsal pathways - projections from V2 arrive

A

in V5/MIT which responds to two-dimensional motion characteristics such as direction and velocity

41
Q

dorsal pathway - information is SENT to

A

a region of uncertain boundaries, the human counterpart of the primate medial superior temporal cortex (MST)

42
Q

MST

A

responsible for processing information related to complex 3D movement and optic flow

43
Q

dorsal pathway terminates

A

in the posterior parietal cortex, where the integration of optic flow with respect to subject movement and head and eye position occurs

44
Q

Retinotectal projections:

A

superior colliculus receives a portion of optic nerve fibers and projects these to the extrastriate visual cortex (V2 and V5)

45
Q

Superior colliculus

A

structure in the midbrain; where a portion of the optic nerve fibers project directly in

46
Q

The availability of this “alternative”/retinotectal projections pathway explains

A

the blindsight phenomenon

47
Q

People who are cortically blind due to lesions in their striate cortex may be able to

A

respond to visual stimuli they do not consciously see

48
Q

An alternative hypothesis

A

provided by the demonstration of direct projections from the lateral geniculate body to V5/MT

49
Q

Neglect

A

impaired ability to perceive, refer and orient to stimuli carried in a portion of space contralateral to the lesions (generally left hemisphere)

50
Q

neglect affects all

A

sensory modalities (visual, auditory, tactile) but also extends to motor aspects and visual imagination

51
Q

neglect is a

A

Complex syndrome, variable in its clinical manifestations, associated with brain lesions (mainly) in the right hemisphere

52
Q

Lesions in several brain structures

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

Thalamus (pulvinar)

Basal ganglia (caudate and putamen)

Superior temporal cortex

Periventricular white matter

BUT MOST COMMON SITE IS RIGHT PARIETAL LOBE

53
Q

parietal lobe - Areas BA 7, BA 39 and BA 40

A

main site of integration of sensory information, and receiving information, from the somatosensory cortex (BA 1, 2, and 3), the visual cortex, auditory cortex and vestibular system

54
Q

vestibular system

A

provides information about the position of the head in space

though to contain an egocentric map

55
Q

egocentric map

A

defines by body position in space

56
Q

Superior Parietal Lobe (BA 5 and 7)

A

receives fibers from adjacent cortices and is the site of multimodal integration

57
Q

Superior Parietal Lobe (BA 5 and 7) - Provides information on

A

the position and speed of an object (dorsal visual pathways) and programs the movements necessary (e.g. for grasping)

58
Q

BA 5

A

also important for object recognition based on surface features, weight, and, together with BA 7, shape

59
Q

Inferior Parietal Lobe (IPL, or temporo-parietal junction – TPJ)

A

includes the angular gyrus (BA 40) and the supramarginal gyrus (BA 39); plays a role in the automatic orientation and disengagement of attention to the left hemisphere (exogenous attention)

60
Q

Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

A

involved in voluntary orientation of attention and integration between optic flow and vestibular signals (egocentric perspective)

neuropsych (25 decks)

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