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neuropsych > intro flashcards > Flashcards

intro flashcards

1
Q

Dorsal

A

above

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2
Q

ventral

A

below

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3
Q

rostral

A

forwards/towards forehead

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4
Q

caudal

A

behind/towards back of head

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5
Q

sagitall

A

cutting brain vertically

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6
Q

Coronal

A

cutting brain vertically splitting it front and back

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7
Q

Transversal

A

cutting brain horizontally

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8
Q

Medial

A

center

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9
Q

Lateral

A

out to the side from center

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10
Q

main components of CNS

A

forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum

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11
Q

Forebrain

A

contains cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Brainstem

A

part of the brain that goes towards the spin. Main way info leaves/goes to the brain

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13
Q

brainstem - poo and regulating

A

the point of origin of 10/12 pairs of cranial nerves and contains nuclei of gray matter (neurons) regulating…

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14
Q

Cerebellum

A

the part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity

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15
Q

what functions does the brainstem regulate

A

‘vegetative’ functions (breathing, heart activity, gastrointestinal motility)

Sleep

Some aspects of behavior (affectivity, aggression, reward, etc)

Conjugated eye movements

Voluntary movement and reflexes

balance

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16
Q

what structures make up the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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17
Q

Cerebellum structure

A

organization of it is very complex and differs from the organization of brain cortex

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18
Q

what functions for cerebellum

A

Both aspects of movements (coordination and balance)

Numerous aspects related to cognition and behavior

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19
Q

Forebrain structure

A

subdivided into two principal structures: telencephalon and diencephalon

20
Q

Telencephalon

A

brain hemispheres (cortex and basal ganglia)

21
Q

Diencephalon

A

ventral mid-line structures including…

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

22
Q

Thalamus

A

main region of connection between sensory info and cerebral cortex – each of its nuclei is connected to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and probably carries out preliminary processing of the information playing a “filter” role

23
Q

what is the thalamus involved in

A

Involved in memory, attention and some aspects of behavior

24
Q

Hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland, body temperature, body fluids and thirst, food intake, circadian rhythm (pineal gland), sexual behavior, maybe some aspects of learning and memory (habenula)

Habenular nuclei, habenular commissure, stria medullaris, pineal gland)

25
Q

Basal Ganglia (output)

A

these structures are highly connected, among themselves and with other brain structures (mainly frontal lobe) - resulting circuits are segregated and specialized with specific points of afference and efference within each nucleus

26
Q

what does the basal ganglia actively regulate

A

Active in the regulation of: movement, behavior, and cognition

27
Q

The functioning of the CNS depends on

A

the integration of information between various structures that process different components of information (ex: with respect to perception, the implementation of motor behaviors or memory)

28
Q

Distant connections allow

A

to relate anatomically “distant” brain regions, both within the same hemisphere and between the two hemispheres

29
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

principal interhemispheric connection bundle; connects right with left hemisphere

30
Q

Connection systems

A

inferior longitudinal fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus

31
Q

Brain is most demanding organ in terms of

A

oxygen and glucose supply

32
Q

what is the most demanding organ in terms of oxygen and glucose supply

A

brain

33
Q

why is it significant that the brain is not able to use other sources of energy besides blood (such as lipids except for ketonic acids)

A

therefore short interruptions of blood flow may harm brain tissues that are not reversible (stroke)

34
Q

Neuron

A

basic cell of nervous tissue

Formed by three main structures

35
Q

three main structures of the neuron

A

soma, dendrites, axon

36
Q

soma

A

cell body

37
Q

dendrites

A

‘incoming’ cellular extension (slow)

38
Q

Axon

A

‘outgoing’ cellular extension (fast)

On axon have nodes, myelin sheath

39
Q

Synapses

A

connect neurons

40
Q

Cerebral Cortex Layer is formed by

A

neurons and covers the entire surface of the telencephalon

41
Q

cerebral cortex layer can be distinguished via

A

Neocortex/isocortex, Archicortex, Paleocortex

42
Q

Neocortex/isocortex

A

prevalent form, phylogenetically recent

43
Q

Archicortex

A

limited to hippocampal structures

44
Q

Paleocortex

A

limited to structures related to olfaction

45
Q

allocortex

A

Archicortex and paleocortex are also grouped together

46
Q

Organization of cerebral cortex

A

varies in different brain regions, providing microanatomical substrate for functional specialization

A – heterotypic agranular

B – Homotypic

C – heterotypic agranular

47
Q

ascending sensory pathways

A

dorsal column system and spinothalamic tract

neuropsych (25 decks)

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