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neuropsych > lesson 3 > Flashcards

lesson 3 Flashcards

1
Q

NIBS

A

non-invasive brain stimulation

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2
Q

TMS

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

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3
Q

TMS definition

A

application of a magnetic field on the scalp by means of a stimulator (coil): the tissue underneath the coil is subjected to a current flow that generates activation/inhibition

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4
Q

what does TMS cause

A

causes temporary disruption of the spontaneous neural activity

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5
Q

faraday’s principle of elctromagnetic induction

A

rapid variation in an electrical current can induce a magnetic field

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6
Q

how long does the current flow through the coil for and how long is the large magnetic field produced for

A

1 ms (both)

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7
Q

what does the rapid change via faraday’s principle of electromagnet induction do

A

induces an electrical current in the area under the coil, activating neuron and generating a depolarization = generation of action potentials = stimulation of

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8
Q

what measurement/stimulation does faraday’s principle work for?

A

TMS

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9
Q

what is the importance of neuronal “pre-activation level”

A

the amount of depolarization in each neuron in response to the TMS pulse depends on the activation state of the member (the higher the stronger)

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10
Q

what is the importance of neuronal “pre-activation level” dependent on

A

state-dependency principle

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11
Q

with TMS difference stimulation is based on

A

position of the coil (where on the scalp) and orientation of the coil (inclination/angle)

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12
Q

high frequency TMS

A

5 - 20 Hz

increase of neural excitability

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13
Q

low frequency TMS

A

1 - 5 Hz

decrease of neural excitability

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14
Q

single-pulse stimulation (spTMS)

A

individual pulses are delivered separately

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15
Q

multiple pulse TMS

A

several pulses are applied with an inter-stimulus interval of a few milliseconds

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16
Q

types of multiple pulse TMS

A

paired pulses TMS (pTMS) or triple pulses TMS (tTMS)

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17
Q

repetitive TMS

A

trains of pulses are applied with a fixed frequency (low frequency (1 - 5 Hz) or high frequency (5 - 20Hz))

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18
Q

theta-burst stimulation

A

applying bursts of several pulses repeated at a frequency close to 5 Hz (cTMS) or each burst is applied for 2s and repeated every 10s for 190s (intermittent TBS, iTBS)

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19
Q

intermediate TBS (imTBS)

A

5s burst trains are repeated every 15s

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20
Q

cTBS

A

bursts of several pulses repeated at a frequency close to 5 Hz

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21
Q

iTBS

A

each burst applied for 2s and repreated every 10s for 190s

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22
Q

MEP

A

motor evoked potential

a response in target muscle from magnetic pulses induced by TMS over the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) that can pass through the scalp

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23
Q

how can MEP be recorded

A

sing surface EMG electrodes placed over the muscles of interest

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24
Q

what is an indication of changing corticospinal excitability (CSE)

A

peak-to-peak amplitude of the elicits MEPs

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25
Q

what do smaller MEP amplitudes indicate

A

lower excitability

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26
Q

what do larger MEP amplitudes suggest

A

higher CSE

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27
Q

neuronavigation

A

a set of computer-assisted technologies used to navigate for correct CNS placement

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28
Q

what is neuronavigation used for

A

help with issue of localizing the correct target area

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29
Q

repetitive TMS (rTMS)

A

used for “virtual lesion” paradigm (online and offline rTMS)

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30
Q

representation of body identity and body actions in extrastriate body area and ventral premotor cortex subjects and methods and behavioral task

A

subjects: 17 health individuals

methods: rTMS trains of two pulses (freq 10Hz 200 ms, delay 150 ms) over left and right extrastriate body area and ventral premotor cortex

behavioral task: a two-choice matching-to-sample visual discimination task

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31
Q

body identify and actions results and conclusions

A

results: no effect on accuracy, EBA rTMS selectively impaired ability to discriminate between two different forms, vPMc rTMS selectively impaired ability to discriminate two different actions
interference caused by EBA and vPMc stim was independent of hem stimulated = no hemispheric fominance

conclusions: EBA may be crucial for identification of actors particular when facial cues are unavailable adn causative evidence that motor representations are necessary for visuoperceptive action discriminations
vPMc may represent the observed actions iwthout takin ginto account actors identity

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32
Q

what is does the experiment with body identity and actions show

A

double dissociation paradigm

33
Q

transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)

A

techniques aimed to modify the excitability of a target are generating a current flow through the cortex – neuromodulation

34
Q

neuromodulation

A

nervous activity is regulated via controlling levels of neurotransmitters

35
Q

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) - experimental protocols

A

on-line, off-line, sham stimulation

36
Q

on-line protocol

A

receiving stimulation during the task

37
Q

offline stimulation

A

period of pre-stim (maybe with task), period of stim, post-stim task, OR period of stim iwth post-stim task only

38
Q

sham stimulation

A

task applied at any point during session, depending on whether oneline or offline

39
Q

experiment: PD with mild cognitive impairment and 20 HC aiming to assess theory of mind using anodal tDCS - method

A

anodal tDCS over medial frontal cortex to modulate Theory of Mind behaviors

40
Q

experiment: PD with mild cognitive impairment and 20 HC aiming to assess theory of mind using anodal tDCS - results:

A

mPFC has causal role in ToM - clinical training with anodal tDCS over mPFC to ameliorate ToM in PD

41
Q

comparing TMS with tES

A

both: non-invasive, for assessment and training, safe and regulated, causal inference, importance of localizing the correct target area

42
Q

comparing TMS with tES causal inference

A

if you modify the excitability of a target area and this stimulation or modulation influences the behavioral performance then that specific area is crucial for that cognitive function

43
Q

DES

A

direct electrical stimulation

44
Q

DES definition

A

invasive tool; can be used for mapping cognitive function while in awake neurosurgery/invasive long-term monitoring to identity epileptogenic tissue

45
Q

summary of cognitive neuroscience techniques

A

each have pros adn cons

crucial to integrate when answering research questions

46
Q

combining fMRI and EEG get you what

A

both high temporal and spatial resolution

47
Q

combining both fMRI and TMS get

A

good localization and causal inferences

48
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims

A

diagnostic, prognostic, patient care and planning, rehabilitation, medical, research

49
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims - diagnostic

A

discriminate between different conditions, provide diagnostic treatment in cases of negative neuroradiological data

50
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims - prognostic

A

provide info on outcomes of certain pathologies

51
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims - patient care and planning

A

inform patients of cognitive state to understand alterations from disease

inform family so they can understand and adapt to condition

evaluate effects of medical therapies on patient’s cognitive efficiency

evaluate degree of daily autonomy

evaluate opportunity of rehabilitation intervention

52
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims - rehabiliation

A

provide stating point therapy, planning/managing therapeutic program and evaluate short and long-term effectiveness

53
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims - medical

A

diagnostic (brain damage? consequence of…), description of patient’s condition (can they work?)

54
Q

clinical neurospych assessment aims - research

A

single evaluation during a protocol or pre- and post- treament

55
Q

steps of assessment

A

demographic data and cognitive behavioral history, patient interview, administer tests/batteries, interview with family/caregivers

56
Q

demographic data and cognitive-behavioral history

A

why and to whom the patient was sent
disease onset and evolution
life patients leads/led
understand premorbid personality
health of close family
exam of elementary neurological functions performed by neurologist
main instrumental investigation and other medical tests, know any premorbid cognitive difficulties (even developmental

57
Q

patient interview

A

purpose of exam and what is consists of, speech and comprehension skills, mood, attention skills, awareness of illness

58
Q

interview with family/caregivers

A

fam environment, how patient behaves at home, make fam aware, give them patients tests/behaviors

59
Q

cognitive assessments/tests

A

single or test battery

60
Q

specifics of batteries

A

get neurocognitive profile, standardized and norm-referencing, repeat assessment

61
Q

profile

A

congitive areas of strengths and weaknesses
first assessment gives this

62
Q

norm-referencing

A

against patient performance and scores by age/sex matches responders

63
Q

treatment

A

assumption of plastic nature of the brain allowing for functional reorganization/relearning

64
Q

brain plasticity

A

property of brain to vary structure and function along development and during adult life, in constant interaction with outside world (environment)

65
Q

plasticity

A

the changes in the nervous system organization that undelie carious forms of short and long term behavioral modifications

66
Q

what does plasticity include

A

the processes of maturation, adaption to changed in environment, specific and unspecific learning and compensation mechanisms

67
Q

positive plasticity

A

resource

68
Q

negative plasticity

A

maladaptive

69
Q

structural neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to actually change its physical structural as a result of learning

70
Q

functional neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to move functions from a damaged area of the brain to other undamaged areas

71
Q

function neuroplasticity terms

A

long-term potentiation (LTP) and long0term depression (LTD)

72
Q

LTP

A

a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

73
Q

LTD

A

persistent decrease in synaptic strength depending on specific stimulation

74
Q

persistent

A

last hours or longer

75
Q

rehabilitation capitalizes on…

A

brain positive plasticity to reduce the negative effects of a brain damage

76
Q

cognitive remediation

A

based on a restorative model that attempts to reduce or eliminate impaired cognition —> regain functional

77
Q

compensatory techniques

A

compensate for, or circumvent cognitive deficits, with reliance on intact cognitive skills and strategies and supports for working around cognitive deficits

78
Q

how do compensatory techniques reduce the disability?

A

internal self-management strategies, external strategies/environmental modification, errorless learning

neuropsych (25 decks)

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