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neuropsych > lesson 10 > Flashcards

lesson 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Body representations

A

include a set of interconnections functions which support

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2
Q

body representations functions support

A

The perception and localization of somatic stimuli (somatosensation)

Motor planning and execution

Body awareness

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3
Q

body representations depends

A

on multisensory integration of visual, somatosensory, proprioceptive and vestibular information

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4
Q

According to the classical definition by Head and Holmes, 1911 our
body representations” is constituted by:

A

Body schema (postural schema)

Body image (superficial schema)

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5
Q

Body image (superficial schema)

A

an explicit representation of the shape and position of body parts allows for the deliberate localization of tactile stimuli and supports the explicit sense of belonging and evaluation of body or its parts

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6
Q

Body schema (postural schema)

A

a postural-proprioceptive implicit representation, the individual is not aware of (impossible to verbalize), constantly updated, responsible for controlling posture and guiding actions

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7
Q

the somatosensory system is part of the

A

sensory system

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8
Q

The somatosensory pathway carries information about:

A

Exteroceptive information, Interoceptive information, temperature, pain, etc

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9
Q

Interoceptive information

A

originated within the body –> Relative position of body parts, position of body in space, etc.

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10
Q

Exteroceptive information

A

originated outside the body –> touch, pressure, vibration, etc.

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11
Q

Somatosensory pathway

A

skin/muscles/tendons/joints –>

brainstem and cerebellum –>

thalamus (decussation at medulla) –>

primary somatosensory cortex (SI) in parietal lobes –>

posterior parietal areas (associative areas)

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12
Q

decussation

A

nerve fibers cross their side at the level of medulla

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13
Q

S1 (post-central gyrus) somatotopically organized

A

body areas are represented on the cortex corresponding to the receptor density

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14
Q

conscious somatosensory

A

tactility, pain, temperature

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15
Q

unconscious neuromuscular

A

unconscious proprioception

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16
Q

conscious proprioception

A

joint position sense, kinanesthesia, force/tensile sense

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17
Q

unconscious proprioception

A

posture/balance, joint stability, feed-forward control

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18
Q

Proprioception

A

carries information regarding the relative and reciprocal position in space of body parts, allowed by mechanosensory neurons (receptors) located within muscles, tendons and joints

conscious and unconscious information

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19
Q

The vestibular system

A

creates a sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance

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20
Q

Vestibular pathway

A

ears –>

vestibular nuclei (brainstem) –>

thalamus and cerebellum –>

posterior insula and secondary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

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21
Q

At the cortical level, vestibular information is

A

integrated with somatosensation and proprioception, contributing to body representation

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22
Q

Bodily Illusions

A

Demonstrate the importance of multisensory integration to maintain a ‘heathy’ (useful) representation of our body/body parts

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23
Q

When a conflict between sensory information from different sensory channels is generated

A

representations get disorganized

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24
Q

representations get disorganized

A

When a conflict between sensory information from different sensory channels is generated

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25
Q

pinocchio illusion is a conflict between

A

tactile and proprioceptive information

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26
Q

pinocchio illusion

A

the blindfolded participant sits at a table, keeping her finger on the nose while her biceps is stimulated

the participant feels as if her nose is changing (getting longer)

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27
Q

Rubber Hand Illusion conflict between

A

vision and proprioception generated by a synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation on one hand

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28
Q

Rubber Hand Illusion

A

Participants report experiences of ownership over a fake hand –> subjective ownership over one’s body can be easily disrupted

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29
Q

Sense of ownership

A

impression/sensation that I own a specific body part

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30
Q

sense of ownership depends on

A

the spatial contiguity between that part and the rest of the body

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31
Q

sense of ownership can be

A

extended to instruments (ex: tennis racket) and protheses

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32
Q

sense of ownership includes

A

Embodiment

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33
Q

Embodiment

A

the phenomenon that enables the brain to consider an external object ‘as if’ it is a body part

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34
Q

sense of ownership thoughts and changes

A

I experience sense of ownership and agency over it

It becomes part of my body schema

The space around it becomes part of my peri-personal space

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35
Q

Plasticity of the peri-personal space

A

personal space, peri-personal, extra-personal space

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36
Q

Personal space

A

body

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37
Q

Peri-personal space

A

the close extra-personal space: reachable, where to act

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38
Q

The peri-personal space is coded in specific

A

fronto-parietal networks able to integrate sensory stimuli in different modalities (visual, auditory, tactile) depending on their location

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39
Q

Extra-personal space

A

the distance extra-personal space (navigation, locomotion)

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40
Q

Sense of agency

A

impression/sensation that I control that specific body part

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41
Q

sense of agency depends on the

A

temporal relationship (causality) between motor command and sensory feedback

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42
Q

sense of agency can be

A

extended to instruments (ex: tennis racket) and protheses

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43
Q

Fully Body Illusion

A

The conflict between proprioceptive, tactile, visual, and vestibular information can even generate ‘full body illusions’,

i.e. mis-location of one’s body in space

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44
Q

Humans normally experience the conscious self

A

as localized within their bodily borders

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45
Q

During multisensory conflict

A

participants felt as if a virtual body seen in front of them was their own body and mis-localized themselves toward the virtual body, to a position outside their bodily borders

46
Q

The integration between multisensory information supporting an integrated bodily self depends on

A

the activity of the bilateral temporo-parietal junction

47
Q

angular gyrus

A

seems to enable the integration of tactile, visual, vestibular and proprioceptive information

48
Q

Lesions in these areas generate phenomena

A

as autoscopy and out-of-body experience

49
Q

out-of-body experience

A

illusion of body duplicated and mis-location of one’s body –> visuo-proprioceptive dissociation

50
Q

Autoscopy

A

the experience in which an individual perceives the surrounding environment from a different perspective, from a position outside of their own body

51
Q

The effect of deafferentation

A

without proprioception - Ian Waterman (IW) in 1971 contracted a disease of the nervous system that destroyed all sensory nerves responsible for touch and for conveying information about muscle and joint position (viral infection only destroyed the afferent pathways – he was not paralyzed)

Unable to stand in dark because he NEEDED vision to tell where his limbs were in space

52
Q

Phantom limb experience

A

patients with an amputation refer somatosensory (and painful) sensations localized in the ‘missing’ limb

53
Q

The representation area of the removed limb

A

is progressively occupied by the representation of neighboring areas –> peripheral lesions lead to reorganization of cortical maps

54
Q

peripheral lesions lead to

A

reorganization of cortical maps

55
Q

Mirror therapy

A

one way to mitigate the pain associated with the phantom limb is through bodily illusion

56
Q

Through mirror therapy

A

the synchrony between the motor command and the visual feedback reorganized the body representation (through multisensory integration processes) –> through the eyes, brain healing itself

57
Q

Body Integrity Dysphoria (BID)

A

a disorder of body ownership in patients without a brain lesion – usually present from early childhood

This is so strong that they ask for (and often obtain) an amputation

58
Q

BID was considered a _______ but has

A

Considered a psychopathology but it has a neuropsychological basis

59
Q

BID neuro dysfunction

A

a possible dysfunction in parietal (SII and posterior parietal) and insular regions that impairs body representation

60
Q

BID study

A

performed fMRI asked to relax and not move anything and functional

61
Q

BID study in left leg

A

BID individuals has reduced brain activation in teh right superior parietal lobule for somatosensory stimulation and in the right paracentral lobule for the motor task

62
Q

BID study - for somatosensory stimulation only

A

found robust reduction in activation of somatosensory areas SII bilaterally, mostly regardless of the stimulated body part

63
Q

A brain lesion can affect body representations, usually, because

A

it damaged specific brain regions responsible for multisensory integration

64
Q

right-hemispheric damage

A

supernumerary limbs, somatoparaphrenia, personal neglect

65
Q

left-hemispheric damage

A

autotopoagnosia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

66
Q

supernumerary limbs, somatoparaphrenia, personal neglect

A

right-hemispheric damage

67
Q

autotopoagnosia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

A

left-hemispheric damage

68
Q

Supernumerary phantom limb

A

the sensation of having an ‘addition’ unreal limb(s) that the patient may intentionally move, independently of the real limb (usually paretic [usually not able to move real limb]

69
Q

Supernumerary phantom limb - lesion

A

following a damage in M1 - usually right-hemispheric damage

70
Q

supernumerary phantom limb - in absence of sensory feedback

A

the perception of the movement could be based on its predicted outcomes rather than the actual outcome – similar to mechanisms in anosognosia for hemiplegia

71
Q

supernumerary phantom limb - case report

A

artist experimented a third arm moved by the abdominal and leg muscles after a bilateral frontal and callosal lesion

72
Q

Somatoparaphrenia - definition

A

delusion regarding a contralesional limb (leg or arm) - often in patients also suffering from (personal) neglect

73
Q

Somatoparaphrenia - lesion

A

Usually following a right-hemispheric damage –> left hemi-body

74
Q

somatoparaphrenia - patients

A

does not recognize the limb as their own (asomatognosia: disturbance of body ownership), and attributes the limb to someone else (doctor/relative), May even perform aggressive acts towards the limb

75
Q

asomatognosia

A

disturbance of body ownership

76
Q

misplegia

A

being aggressive towards limb (somatoparaphrenia)

77
Q

Somatoparaphrenia is NOT

A

NOT a psychiatric delusion (as it was considered in the past)

78
Q

Somatoparaphrenia is

A

a specific disorder of the body schema leading the patient to lose inner sense of ownership (implicit and sensorimotor)

79
Q

Somatoparaphrenia usually occurs after brain damage comprising the

A

parietal and temporal lobes and insula

80
Q

the parietal and temporal lobes and insula are

A

a crucial network for the multisensory integration of vestibular, proprioceptive and visual information

81
Q

Man fell out of bed

A

Man fell out of bed because he was convinced his leg was not his own: not just ‘unfamiliar’ but a complete stranger and unknown – ‘something else than me’

82
Q

after right parietal lesion

A

After right parietal lesion a man had erotic sensations by his own left side which he imagined belonged to a woman lying beside him

83
Q

a right brain damage patient

A

A right-brain-damaged patient could not explain why her rings happened to be worn by the fingers of the alien (left) hand

84
Q

A woman recognized

A

A woman recognized the disowned left hand as her own, only when her wedding ring was put on the hand –> “extended body schema”: the body schema may include some objects that are closely connected to body parts having been worn for a long time and so encoded in both the body schema and autobiographical episodic memory

85
Q

“extended body schema”

A

the body schema may include some objects that are closely connected to body parts having been worn for a long time and so encoded in both the body schema and autobiographical episodic memory

86
Q

caloric vestibular stimulation

A

i.e. putting cold water in teh left inner ear

87
Q

The caloric vestibular stimulation may improve

A

somatoparaphrenia (as well as neglect) for a while

88
Q

what does the fac that caloric vestibular stimulation may improve somatoparaphrenia for a while?

A

this demonstrates that they are associated with a disorganization of multisensory integration

89
Q

Some authors suggest that caloric vestibular stimulation

A

may boost neural activity in brain regions responsible for multisensory integration

90
Q

Autotopoagnosia

A

inability to explicitly recognize (name and localize) different parts of the human body, most often bilaterally, on one’s own body or on a human figure

91
Q

Autotopoagnosia - lesion

A

Usually left hemispheric lesion (in parieto-occipital cortices)

92
Q

Autotopoagnosia - is often associated with

A

Often associated with aphasia, agraphia, apraxia, acalculia, right unilateral neglect, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation

93
Q

Autotopoagnosia must be specific to

A

The deficit must be specific and cannot be better explained by aphasia or apraxia or cognitive decline (dementia)

94
Q

Autotopoagnosia - how to test

A

How to test for this in a patient: verbally ask the patient to point to different body parts or ask patient to imitate (in case of aphasia) the examiner while they point to their own body parts

Usually patients make spatial errors (continguity) or semantic errors (hand for foot) or both

95
Q

Finger Agnosia

A

inability to explicitly recognize (name and localize) the fingers, especially central ones

96
Q

Finger Agnosia - lesion

A

Usually left hemispheric lesions (in parieto-occipital cortices

97
Q

Finger Agnosia - often assocaited

A

Often associated with aphasia, apraxia, agraphia, left-hand disorientation, acalculia (last three are symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome)

98
Q

Finger Agnosia - disorder must be

A

Deficit must be specific and cannot be t=better explained by aphasia or apraxia or cognitive decline (dementia)

99
Q

Finger Agnosia - to test

A

verbally ask patient to point to or name the different fingers, or to localize the fingers that have been touched by the experimenter (by naming or pointing to them on a drawing)

100
Q

finger agnosia - side note

A

when finger agnosia and acalculia are concomitantly present, the left angular gyrus is usually lesions (see also the errors made by healthy subjects when we interfere with the activity of the left angular gyrus with TMS): this effect can be explained from a developmental perspective –> we leaned counting by using fingers

101
Q

Left-Right Disorientation

A

inability to explicitly recognize the left and right with respect to the mid/sagittal plane, on one’s own body or on a human figure

102
Q

Left-Right Disorientation - lesion

A

Usually left hemispheric lesions (in parieto-occipital cortices

103
Q

Left-Right Disorientation - often associated wtih

A

Often associated with aphasia, apraxia, agraphia, finger agnosia, acalculia (last three are symptoms of Gerstmann syndrome)

104
Q

Left-Right Disorientation - must be

A

Deficit must be specific and cannot be t=better explained by aphasia or apraxia or cognitive decline (dementia)

105
Q

Left-Right Disorientation - to test

A

verbally ask patient to identify whether different body parts that are touched by the examiner are on the left or right side; or ask patient to perform specific movement that can be uncrossed/crossed, like “touch your left ear with left hand”

Same can also be done with another person’s body

106
Q

Somatoparaphrenia, supernumerary (phantom) limbs, personal neglect, autoscopy and out-of-body experiences - lesion

A

lesion in right hemisphere

107
Q

Somatoparaphrenia, supernumerary (phantom) limbs, personal neglect, autoscopy and out-of-body experiences - due to an impairment

A

due to an impairment in multisensory integration that disorganized the implicit (and deeply sensorimotor) roots of body representations

108
Q

Autotopoagnosia, dinger agnosia, and left-right disorientation - lesion

A

lesion in left hemisphere

109
Q

Autotopoagnosia, dinger agnosia, and left-right disorientation - representation

A

altered conceptual representation of the body

110
Q

Body schema experiment: AN patients

A

AN patients perceive and represent their body large in only one dimension

Researchers used tactile tasks across the bodies (horizontally) and along the bodies (vertically)

Patients judged horizontal stimuli significantly wider than the same stimuli oriented vertically and perceive and represent their body larger but not bigger

111
Q

Body image experiment

A

3D scans on 15 women who have anorexia and 15 healthy controls

Used 3D modeling to build avatars from the scans adn manipulate teh body shapes of the avatars to reflect biometrically accurate, continuous changed in BMI; used these personalized avatars as stimuli to allow women to estimate their body size

Over-estimation of body size in anorexic patients which rapidly increases as their own BMI increases compared to healthy women who were accurate

neuropsych (25 decks)

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