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neuropsych > lesson 14 > Flashcards

lesson 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Endogenous

A

growing/originating from within an organism, not attributable to any external or environmental factors

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2
Q

Exogenous

A

growing/originating from outside an organism, attributable to an agent/organism outside the body

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3
Q

Top-Down processing

A

how our brain utilizes existing knowledge and expectations to interpret new sensory information

is this something i’ve seen before?

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4
Q

Bottom-Up processing

A

brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli

what am I seeing?

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5
Q

Attention

A

underlies a broad class of processes that modulate the ability of individuals to perform the tasks of everyday life, through:

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6
Q

how does attention do what it needs to do

A

Maintaining a state of activating

The selection of sensory input

The control and monitoring of thoughts and actions

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7
Q

classifications of attention

A

Alertness: phasic or tonic

Sustained attention (or vigilance

Selective or focused attention

Divided attention

Widespread attention

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8
Q

Exogenous or Bottom-Up Attention

A

passive transient, automatic, stimulus-driven process

from lower sensory areas to higher cognitive processing areas

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9
Q

Exogenous or Bottom-Up Attention uses

A

Peripheral cues, presented near or at target stimuli, used to guide exogenous attention could be automatically captured by salient stimuli

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10
Q

what is Exogenous or Bottom-Up Attention driven by

A

Diven by properties of a stimulus: like color, orientation, luminance, can inadvertently go against the intentions of an observer, is deployed when salient novel stimuli are presented and is often difficult to ignore

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11
Q

Endogenous or Top-Down Attention

A

voluntary, sustained, goal-driven process

involves a more effortful process such as being instructed to orient attention to a particular location

From higher cortical processing areas to lower sensory processing areas

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12
Q

Endogenous or Top-Down Attention uses

A

Information that aligns with an observer’s behavioral goals are internally selected for further processing

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13
Q

Endogenous or Top-Down Attention operates via

A

Operates via signal enhancement of relevant signals and external noise reduction of irrelevant signals

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14
Q

Covert Visual Attention

A

related to a mental shift of attention without physical movement – with the mind

You attend to an area of space, but the eye does not move – object of attention is in your peripheral vision

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15
Q

Overt Visual Attention

A

act of physically directing the eyes to a stimulus – with the eyes

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16
Q

Covert Visual Attention precedes

A

Precedes eye movements and during fixation can be deployed to multiple locations simultaneously

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17
Q

Covert Visual Attention useful to

A

efficiently monitor the visual scene and guide future eye movements

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18
Q

Van Zomeren and Brouwer Model (1994)

A

distinction between two ‘physical’ dimensions: intensity (time limits) and selectivity (special limits)

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19
Q

intensity (time limits)

A

Different levels of activation –> alertness

Duration of the same level of activation –> sustained attention

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20
Q

Selectivity (spatial limits)

A

Ability to select and process target stimuli versus distractors –> focused or selective attention

Ability to simultaneous carry out two or more tasks –> divided attention

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21
Q

ALERTNESS or AROUSAL

A

the physiological preparation to receive and respond to external and internal stimulations – both endogenous and exogenous

Different levels of activation

tonic and phasic alertness

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22
Q

TONIC alertness

A

ability to maintain an adequate level of constant attention over time, a generalized state of activation

Assessed by simple reaction times

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23
Q

PHASIC alertness

A

increase in response capacity after a warning signal

Assessed by reactions times with pre-alarm

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24
Q

SUSTAINED ATTENTION or VIGILANCE

A

ability to maintain an adequate level of attention for a prolonged period during monotonous tasks – top-down/endogenous influence

Example: driving down a straight road bordered by monotonous landscape

Duration of the same level of activation

time on task effect

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25
Q

Time on Task Effect

A

Sustained attention deficit and Tonic alertness deficit

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26
Q

Sustained attention deficit

A

individual can perform a task but performance declines after a certain period

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27
Q

Tonic alertness deficit

A

individual’s performance is deficient from the beginning of the test

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28
Q

DIVIDED ATTENTION

A

ability to attend or give attention to multiple sources of information at once or perform more than one task at the same time – related to multi-tasking skill

Can be oriented both voluntary (endogenous/top-down) or automatically (exogenous/bottom-up)

Example: listening to music or having a phone call while driving

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29
Q

SELECTIVE or FOCUSED ATTENTION

A

cognitive mechanism that allows the prcessing of relevant information, thoughts or actions, in contrast to the many irrelevant and/or distracting environmental information – may be:

Covert or overt, endogenous or exogenous, focused on the object or the space, auditory or visual

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30
Q

types of selective or focused attention

A

Detect a target stimulus among other similar stimuli (the face of a known person in a crowd), cocktail part effect, spatial attention, interference

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31
Q

cocktail part effect

A

in a crowded situation or noisy room, attention is focused on a particular stimulus, in this case on a specific conversation

32
Q

spatial attention

A

Recognize stimuli presented in a delimited portion of space, ignoring the rest of the space

33
Q

interference

A

Suppress an automatic response to the stimulus

34
Q

focus of cocktail party effect

A

Focus excludes a range of other stimuli from conscious awareness

BUT if something relevant attracts our attention we can suddenly change our focus of auditory attention and listen to another conversation next to us

35
Q

cocktail party effect is widely distributed among

A

humans, with most listeners easily able to portion the totality of sound detected by the ears into distinct streams, and therefore decide which streams are most pertinent

36
Q

Dichotic Listening Experiment

A

consists of wearing headphones and hearing two different and simultaneous streams of auditory input (often verbal speech), one to each ear

Participants are asked to pay attention to one of the input channels and later asked about the content of either the stimulus they were told to pay attention to or the other one

37
Q

better recall for what in the dichotic listening experiment

A

Better recall from the attended than the unattended input channel but in situations where the unattended channel material is “salient” or semantically related to the material in the attended channel it is often recalled and sometimes described (erroneously) as being present in the attended channel

38
Q

BOTH cocktail part experiment and dichotic listen experiments demonstrate

A

how unattended material may undergo quite extensive processing, even if at un unconscious level

39
Q

studies on the input of visual

A

Pop-out effect versus visual search

Endogenous versus exogenous

40
Q

Most used psychometric tools for measuring sustained attention

A

Simple Vigilance Test, Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Sustained Attention to Response Task, Dual Attention to Response Task, Elevator Counting Task

41
Q

Simple Vigilance Test

A

subject must respond every time the target stimulus appears on teh monitor

42
Q

Continuous Performance Test (CPT)

A

individual must respond when the target stimulus (letter X) appears on the monitor and note when the distractor stimuli (other letters appear). In the second condition only is letter X is preceded by A – lasts 15 minutes

43
Q

Sustained Attention to Response Task

A

numbers from 1 – 9 are presented in rapid succession; subject must respond to all numbers except for ‘3’

44
Q

Dual Attention to Response Task

A

subject must press a key when a number other than ‘3’ appears and a different key when a distractor appears

45
Q

Elevator Counting Task

A

the subject imagines they are in an elevator and they must listen to a sequence of tones, each of which indicates a flood and reports at the end of the sequence which floor it is.

46
Q

Stroop test

A

Assessment of Focused Attention

evaluates the difficulty in suppressing an automatic response (interference effect)

47
Q

Trial Making Test (TMT)

A

Assessment of Divided Attention

see executive function notes

48
Q

Test of Everyday Attention (TEA)

A

consists of eight subtests which measure sustained, selective and divided attention in ecological settings

49
Q

examples of TEA

A

Map search, Elevator counting, Elevator counting with distraction, Visual elevator, Auditory elevator with reversal, Telephone search dual task, Lottery task

50
Q

Map search

A

subjects must search for symbols on a colored map – score is the number out of 80 found in 2 minutes and is used as a measure of selective attention

51
Q

Elevator counting

A

subjects are asked to pretend they are in an elevator whose door-indicator is not functioning – they must establish on which floor they are by counting a series of tape-presented tones as a measure of sustained attention

52
Q

Elevator counting with distraction

A

subjects must count the low tones in the pretend elevator while ignoring the high tones as a test of auditory selective attention

53
Q

Visual elevator

A

subjects must count up and down as they follow a series of visually presented “doors” in the elevator as a measure of attentional switching

54
Q

Auditory elevator with reversal

A

same as visual elevator subtest except it is presented at fixed speed on tape

55
Q

Telephone search dual task

A

subjects must search in the directory while simultaneously counting strings of tones presented by a tape recorder (dual task) - combined performance of the telephone tasks gives a measure of divided attention

56
Q

Lottery task

A

listening o, attending to, and identifying numbers during a broadcast of lottery numbers

57
Q

Treatment of Attention and Working Memory please note

A

for both assessment and treatment, the possibility to isolate one type of attention from the other types of attention adn from other cognitive functions (including WM) is remote

Need to consider the etiology of the attentional or WM disorder (e.g. brain injury, degenerative process, ADHD)

58
Q

types of technology treatment for attention and working memory

A

CogniPlus by Schuhfried

Anodal tDCS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex + cognitive training = improves WM

Virtual reality and (theta) neurofeedback seem to be primising tools in improving attention, especially in ADHD population

59
Q

Antomical-physiological model - Posner and Petersen Model

A

Anterior attentional system, Posterior attentional system, Vigilance system

60
Q

Anterior attentional system

A

control of behavior, conscious processing of experience (medial pre-frontal cortex)

61
Q

Posterior attentional system

A

engagement, shifting and disengagement of attention (posterior parietal cortex, pulvinar, superior colliculus)

62
Q

Vigilance system

A

Maintenace of the state of activation (vis noradrenaline)

63
Q

Attention is related to

A

fronto-parietal network (involving pre-frontal regions)

64
Q

frontal region neural correlates of attention explanation - top-town processes

A

‘goal’ or ‘hypothesis driven’

65
Q

frontal region neural correlates of attention explanation - Bottom-up processes

A

‘stimulus’ or ‘data driven’

66
Q

Dorsal attentional system

A

operates through top-down processing by preparing the areas responsible for sensory processing (e.g. the visual cortex) to respond to stimuli expected in certain locations

67
Q

Ventral attentional system

A

acts in response to the unexpected appearance of salient stimuli – located in right hemisphere

68
Q

Superior colliculus

A

structure in the midbrain, implicated in a network for the automatic orienting of attention, trough both overt shifting during rapid eye movements (saccades) and covert allocation of attention in the absence of orienting movements –> salient stimuli in the peripheral visual field that ‘capture’ the attention

69
Q

Frontal eye fields

A

structure in the frontal lobes, implicated in a network for the volutnary orienting of attention

70
Q

arousal PATHWAY

A

Ascending sensory information + visual and auditory impulses –>

reticular formation (brainstem) –>

thalamus –> cortex

71
Q

arousal Different neurotransmitters

A

cholinergic, noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic

72
Q

Selection of Information - Pulvinar nuclei

A

cell bodies of neurons (nuclei) located in the posterior part of the thalamus

73
Q

what does the pulvinar nuclei do

A

gets a lot of sensory information, key role in filtering the relevant or attended materials

74
Q

Selection of Information - Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

A

in prefrontal regions: involved in the interference effect, inhibits the unwanted response (stroop test) –> supports the selection of target stimuli

75
Q

Selection of Information - LaBerge’s triangular circuit of attention

A

visual stimulus –>

preliminary processing in area V1 of the occipital cortex –>

‘pre-attentive’ registration in the parietal lobe, either by means of direct input or via the superior colliculus and pulvinar of the thalamus

76
Q

Selection of Information - LaBerge’s triangular circuit of attention - frontal lobe

A

Sustained attention engages regions of the frontal lobe

77
Q

Selection of Information - LaBerge’s triangular circuit of attention - continues attentional control can be achieved by

A

Continues attentional control can be achieved by frontal output to the parietal lobe via the thalamus

neuropsych (25 decks)

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