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neuropsych > lesson 1 > Flashcards

lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive neuro

A

investigate neurofunctional organization of mind and mental processes

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2
Q

parts of cogn. neuro

A

neuro-cogn processes in animals

cogn psych: behavioral and functional corelates of neurologically health subjects in developmental, adult and elderly age

cogn neuropsych: behavioral and fucntional correlates of brain-damaged patients with neuropsych deficits in developmental, adult and elderly age

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3
Q

neuropsych

A

cogn, behavioral and emotional-motivational disorders associated with brain lesions/dysfunction

based on scientific method

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4
Q

neuropsych experimental

A

investigation of (neuro-) functional organization of the mind and its neural correlated in relation to a cogn (dys)function

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5
Q

neuropsych clinical

A

diagnosis and rehabilitation of brain dysfunctions: disgnostic/prognostic purposes, patient care and planning, rehabilitation, forensic, (of research)

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6
Q

neuropsych research methodsq

A

single cases and groups

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7
Q

single ases

A

define a model of normal cogn. functioning

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8
Q

groups

A

large case studies, standardized psychometric procedures, analysis of results

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9
Q

neuropsychologist

A

studies relationship between brain and behavior; understanding how brain and/or cerebral alterations affect cogn. functions and behavior

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10
Q

jobs of neuropsychologist

A

assessment, diagnosis, rehabilitation, consultation, research

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11
Q

assessment

A

of cogn functioning through standardized tests

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12
Q

diagnosis

A

working with healthcare professionals

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13
Q

rehabilization

A

design/implement treatment plans to help patients regain cogn. functions and improve daily living skills

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14
Q

consultation

A

providing guidance to patients and families, helping them understand neurological issues impacts and offering strategies

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15
Q

research

A

to further understand brain-behavior relationships and to develop new assessments and treatment methods

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16
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

brain

A

coordinates all bodies functions; 4 regions: cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, and diencephalon

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18
Q

PNS

A

involves the skeletal nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

nerve cells

A

nerves and nerve fibers

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20
Q

neurons send

A

electrical info via synaptic transmission to other neurons and muscles

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21
Q

how man neurons in cerebellum

A

~16 billion

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21
Q

active neurons

A

generate tiny magnetic fields

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21
Q

how many neurons in the human brain

A

~86 billion

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22
Q

what are the types of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, psuedopolar, multipolar

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23
Q

schematic synapse

A

the nerve impulses arrive in terminal region of neuron and series of biochemical mechanisms lead to AP

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24
Q

biochemical mechanisms schem

A

2 neurons having APs converge on a single “receiving” neuron

1st releases EXCITATORY (GLU) nt and 2nd releases INHIBITORY (GABA) nt

depending on influences of inputs, the “receiving” neuron will fire or not

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25
Q

gray matter

A

40% of brain, contains most of brains neuronal cell bodies, serves to process information, fully develops once a person reaches 20s

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26
Q

white matter

A

60% of the brain; made up of bundles that connects various gray matter areas; allows for communication btw gray matter areas AND btw those and the rest of the body; develops throughout 20s and peaks in middle age

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27
Q

somatosensation

A

= afferent

sensory info from body –> towards dorsal regions of spinal cord –> somatosensory cortex

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28
Q

motor cotex/control

A

= efferent

motor output from motor cortex –> towards central regions of spinal cord –> down to innervate muscles

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29
Q

decussation

A

nerve fibers cross their side at the MEDULLA level —— brain hemispheres = contralateral part of body

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30
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless fluid that circulates CNS

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31
Q

functions of CSF

A

nutrition, clean and protection

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32
Q

CSF nutrition

A

diffusion of nutrients and chemicals from blood into space surrounding nerve cells

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33
Q

CSF cleaning

A

receives products secreted by nerve cells

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34
Q

CSF protection

A

protects brain inside skull and spinal cord - acts as a cushion

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35
Q

the blood supply factors

A

cerebral arteries, cerebral veins, and the blood brain barrier (BBB)

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36
Q

cerebral arteries

A

supply oxygenated blood

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37
Q

cerebral veins

A

drain deoxygenated blood from brain

38
Q

BBB

A

protects brain tissue from harmful elements present in blood while still allowing for passage of necessary substances

39
Q

cerebrum

A

organized into two hemispheres (left and right)

delimited by gyrus and sulcus/fissure

subdivided into 5 lobes (some argue 6 with limbic system)

areas are interconnected through white matter and create functional networks

40
Q

gyri/us

A

ridges of the brain

41
Q

sulci/us

A

valleys between gyri or, if they are especially deep, fissures

42
Q

central sulcus =

A

rolandic sulcus

43
Q

lateral fissure

A

sylvian fissure

44
Q

cerebral lobes

A

frontal lobe, parietal lob, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insular lobe and limbic lobe (sometimes)

45
Q

frontal lobe function

A

control of voluntary movement, involved in attention, STM tasks, motivation, planning and speech

46
Q

frontal lobe location

A

frontal bone, anterior to parietal lobe (separate by central sulcus), superior and anterior to temporal lobe (separate by lateral/sylvian fissure)

47
Q

frontal lobe gyri

A

superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. precentral gyrus

48
Q

parietal lobe function

A

integrates proprioceptive and mechanoreceptive stimulation, involved in language processing

49
Q

parietal lobe location

A

parietal bone; superior to occipital lobe (separated by parietooccipital sulcus) and posterior to front lobe (separated by central sulcus)

50
Q

parietal lobe gyri

A

postcentral gyri, superior and inferior parietal lobe

51
Q

temporal lobe functions

A

decoding sensory input (visual and auditory) for retention of visual memory and language comprehension

52
Q

temporal lobe location

A

temporal bone, inferior and posterior to frontal lobe (separated by lateral sulcus)

53
Q

temporal lobe gyri

A

superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri

54
Q

occipital lobe function

A

center for visual processing

55
Q

occipital lobe location

A

occipital bone; posterior to parietal (separated by parietooccipital sulcus) and behind temporal lobe)

56
Q

occipital lobe gyri

A

superior, middle, inferior occipital gyri; cureate and lingual gyri

57
Q

insular lobe functions

A

processing adn integration of taste sensation, visceral and pain sensation and vestibular functions

58
Q

insular lobe location

A

beneath cortex where temporal, parietal and frontal lobes meet –> open lateral fissure to get to it

59
Q

insular lobe gyri

A

long and short gyri

60
Q

limbic lobe function

A

modulation of emotions, modulation of visceral and autonomic functions, learning and memory

61
Q

cortex

A

the outer surface of the brain that has a creased and bumpy appearance

62
Q

brain development

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
  4. cell maturation
  5. synaptogenesis
  6. cell death and pruning
  7. myelogenesis
63
Q

neurogenesis

A

involves generating new neurons from neural stem cells, forming the foundation of cogn. abilities

64
Q

cell migration

A

movement of cells to their designated locations in the brain, essential for proper brain structure and function

65
Q

cell differentiation

A

transforms stem cells into specialized neurons and glial cells, creating a diverse neural network

66
Q

cell maturation

A

neural progenitor cells developing into neurons and glial cells, forming the network

67
Q

synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapses between neurons, driven by experiences adn stimuli

68
Q

cell death and pruning

A

eliminate excess neurons and synapses (gray matter), refining neural circuits for optimal cogn function

68
Q

myelogenesis

A

forms myeline, insulating nerve fibers to speed up signal transmission and enhance brain communication

69
Q

brain maturation

A

in adolescence parts of the brain that control physical movement, vision, and senses MATURE FIRST while front regions that control higher thinking don’t finish pruning until early 20s

70
Q

brain maturation after adulescence

A

progressive reduction of neurons but increase of connections <——– nerve proliferation and pruning

71
Q

physiological differences between brains

A

a. the right frontal regions extends further forward and wider than left
———–this is opposite in occipital

b. sylvian fissure extends further back horizontally on left

c. planum temporale is larger on left

72
Q

lateralization

A

specialization of certain neural functions/cogn. processes of one side of the brain/the other

73
Q

hemispheric specialization - lateralization

A

hand you write with it usually indicative of hemispheric dominance: right-handed –> left-hemispheric dominance

74
Q

sex difference

A

difference in gray matter between sexes have patters BUT the brains structure is highly individualized so these are just general trends

75
Q

male sex differences

A

bigger in size; higher in gray/white matter volume; bigger amgydala; higher proportion of gray matter in areas related to motor and visual-spatial abilities

connections run front to back

spatial reasoning, working memory, mental 3D rotation, navigation via mental maps, mecchanical tasks, movement coordination

76
Q

female sex difference

A

smaller brain adn lower gray matter volume BUT higher gray matter volume relative to overall brain size; bigger hippocampus; bigger corpus callosum; high proportion of gray matter in regions of emotional processing

connections run side to side

multitasking, verbal communication, stronger/more vivid memory of emotional events (LTM), navigation via landmarks, linguistic abilities, fine motor coordination, perceptual skills

77
Q

gender-related alterations

A

during pregnancy = lower gray matter. higher white; menopause” alterations of white and gray

78
Q

lifetime differences

A

gray matter becomes less dense as brain matures

79
Q

gall and phenology

A

concept of modularity

he was the first to make this kind of hypothesis: specific area = function of brain

80
Q

anatom-functional correlations

A

the description of functional consequences of brain damage/alterations allows inferring the functional significance of each brain region/network

81
Q

patient “Tan-Tan”

A

Paul pierre Broca studied post-mortem lesion (stroke) in teh left interior frontal gyrus (Broca’s area) = expressive aphasia

82
Q

phineas Gage

A

personality change - stake through frontal lobe

83
Q

HM

A

epilepsy that was untreatable - removed both hippocampi; able to remember past before surgery but not after

84
Q

assumptions of anatomo-functional correction

A

difference cognitive functions are localized in specific brain regions (localization)

a lesion in a specific cerebral region determines a deficit in a specific cognitive function
–> thus can infer that the specific brain region is the neural substate of that specific cognitive function

85
Q

anatomo-functional correlation with broca’s area

A

having lesser language comprehension BUT little to none language production

86
Q

anatomo-functional double dissocation

A

broca’s and Wernicke (little to none language comprehension and less production

87
Q

neuroimaging

A

lesion overlaps and voxel lesion-symptom mapping

88
Q

lesion overlaps

A

“sum” of lesion maps obtained with morphological neuroimaging (MRI, DTI)

89
Q

voxel lesion-symptom mapping

A

stat association between presence/absence of a specific lesion (in specific voxel) and specific symptom

90
Q

limits of anatomo-functional correlation

A

a. different types of lesions can be more/less difficult to be circumscribed

b. diaschisi’s effects

c. brain plasticity

91
Q

diaschisi’s effect

A

damage to one brain area can cause a loss of function in brain regions (dur to loss of excitation) connected to primary site of damage

causes dysfunction in distant nervous system structures

92
Q

brain plasticity

A

the effect of brain plasticity as brain compensates to regain functions

neuropsych (25 decks)

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