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neuropsych > frontal lobes > Flashcards

frontal lobes Flashcards

1
Q

frontal lobes

A

two main macroregions

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2
Q

Caudal portion corresponds to the

A

motor cortices and includes

Primary motor cortex (BA 4)

Premotor cortex (BA 6)

Supplementary Motor Area (in the context of BA 6)

Frontal Eye Fields (BA 8)

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3
Q

Rostral Portion corresponds to the

A

prefrontal cortex which includes:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)

Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

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4
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

plays role in posture control but is most active in planning and initiating movements and motor learning

Particularly reaching and grasping movements – this is where its connections with the superior parietal lobe are relevant

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5
Q

Supplementary Motor Complex can be divided into

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

Pre-SMA

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6
Q

SMA

A

Activated during the execution of complex movements, generating sequences associated with specific timing

Plays ‘executive’ role since is active in conditions of anticipation or conflict

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7
Q

SMA through connection with a

A

Through connection with a subcortical structure (the subthalamic nucleus), can block ongoing motor activities (“emergency brake”)

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8
Q

SMA specialized in

A

generation of intentional motor actions and in the selection of actions to be performed

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9
Q

SMA unilateral lesion

A

ideomotor apraxia

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10
Q

SMA clinical counterpart

A

represented because subjects with bilateral lesions of the complex may show akinetic mutism (very severe reduction in verbal output)

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11
Q

Generally considered that humans have highest

A

PFC/brain ration compared to other primates (data is questioned and re-evaluated)

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12
Q

PFC is characterized by

A

Gray matter increases in volume until about 12 years of age

Myelination continues to increase until early adulthood

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13
Q

Different regions are associated with

A

diverse functions (although very often closely related to each other)

Lateral structures, ventral and medial

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14
Q

Lateral structures

A

(such as DLPFC) = strictly “executive” functions (i.e. planning)

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15
Q

Ventral and medial

A

(OFC and VMPFC): regulation of behavior with respect to the social context and emotional framework

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16
Q

Entire PFC receives

A

fibers from mediodorsal thalamus but connections vary between regions

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17
Q

Dorsal and lateral regions

A

primarily related to parietal and temporal lobes

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18
Q

Ventral and mesial regions

A

structures of the limbic system (such as insula and amygdala)

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19
Q

DLPFC

A

receives input from the motor cortex and posterior associative areas and plays essential role during implementation of finalized and planned behaviors

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20
Q

DLPFC involved in

A

normal functioning of working memory, probably with a further functional subdivision: ventral and dorsal part

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21
Q

ventral DLPFC part

A

rehearsal

22
Q

dorsal part DLPFC

A

manipulation

23
Q

DLPFC is also active in

A

‘executive’ functions:

Monitorying

Response selection

Flexibility (“task switching”)

24
Q

VLPFC

A

receives input from the temporal and parietal cortices, and projects to various motor adn limbic structures (insula and amygdala, etc)

25
Q

VLPFC plays essential role in

A

integration between stimuli and potential responses

AKA –> processes information by comparing external stimuli (bottom-up) and memory content (top-down)

Also functions as “emergency brake” to block ongoing motor activities

26
Q

DMPFC

A

main functions are related to awareness and implementation of complex strategies

27
Q

DMPFC also involved in

A

learning mechanisms through feedback from social contexts and in the cognitive component of the Theory of Mind

28
Q

DMPFC primarily connected with

A

the cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and temporal cortex – does not receive significant afferents from sensory cortices

29
Q

VMPFC

A

main role is to assess the emotional salience of a stimulus with respect to the subject

30
Q

VMPFC receives input in

A

all sensory modalities – in contrast to DMPFC

31
Q

VMPFC also involved in

A

processing the affective component of Theory of Mind

32
Q

OFC

A

involved in learning appropriate behaviors and inhibiting inappropriate responses to reward or punishment conditions

Done though evaluation of the outcome responses —> AKA response inhibition

33
Q

ACC

A

positioning allows for the assessment of emotionally salient stimuli (that have activated the amygdala) favoring the selection of appropriate responses (planned by the prefrontal cortex) and providing the appropriate level of motivation

34
Q

ACC position

A

connected with the medial nuclei of the thalamus and with portions of the PFC (DLPFC and VMPFC) as well as the amygdala

35
Q

Subgenual portion (sACC)

A

primarily processes emotions with negative content

36
Q

Pregenual portion (pACC)

A

response to emotional situations with positive content

37
Q

AMCC

A

mainly involved in ‘cognitive’ functions, such as response selection and error detection

38
Q

Connection Bundles

A

the functions of the frontal lobes are supported by the coordinated action of numerous structures, connected by bundles of fibers:

Cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), uncinate fasciculus, frontal aslant tract

39
Q

Cingulum

A

mediation of ACC activities

40
Q

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

response selection, selective attention, sensory and auditory information transfer

41
Q

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus in left hemisphere includes the

A

arcuate fasciculus

42
Q

Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus (IFOF)

A

Integration of visual and auditory information with PFC activities

43
Q

Uncinate Fasciculus

A

memory and emotional processing

44
Q

Frontal Aslant Tract

A

verbal initiation

45
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

receives afferents from cerebral cortex and, through a complex series of connections, sends information back to the cortex, through the thalamus

Controls behavior through the basic mechanism of inhibitory naturally

46
Q

On an anatomic-functonal level basal ganglia is divided into two portions

A

dorsal and ventral

47
Q

Dorsal

A

predominately associated with cognitive functions (e.g. associative learning, procedural memory, response inhibition) and motor control

48
Q

Ventral

A

emotional functions and rewards mechanisms

49
Q

Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits

A

basal ganglia receive and sends information to the cerebral cortex via parallel and (at least partly) segregated circuits that process different aspects of behavior

50
Q

Cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits - best known are represented by

A

Motor circuit, oculomotor circuit, associative circuits, limbic circuit

51
Q

motor circuit

A

direct and indirect pathway

52
Q

associative circuits

A

motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex

neuropsych (25 decks)

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