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neuropsych > functional neuroanatomy of LTM > Flashcards

functional neuroanatomy of LTM Flashcards

1
Q

Learning and memory

A

functions through which we can acquire new information, deposit it in long-term storage systems, and retrieve it when it is required by endogenous and exogenous systems

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2
Q

Complexity of cognitive mechanisms + the term “memory” includes

A

various levels of functioning = variety of brain structures involved (allocortical and isocortical regions adn subcortical structures)

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3
Q

Brain Regions Associated with Amnesia

A

Medial temporal lobe

Diencephalon

Basal forebrain

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4
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL)

A

Include the following structures:

Hippocampus

Perirhinal cortex

Entorhinal cortex

Parahippocampal cortex

amygdala

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5
Q

Hippocampal cortex

A

classified histologically as archicortex, and has three layers – based on differences in the organization of the cortex, 4 subdivisions are recognized:

CA (cornus ammonis) 1

CA 2

CA 3

CA 4

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6
Q

Subiculum

A

a structure places lateral to CA 1, is also ascribed to the hippocampus

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7
Q

Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

surrounds the hippocampus laterally and is divided into:

Anterior portion and posterior portion

Rostral part

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8
Q

Anterior portion of the Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

Entorhinal cortex (BA 28 and 34)

Perirhinal cortex (BA 35 and 36)

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9
Q

Posterior portion of the Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

parahippocampal cortex

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10
Q

Rostral part of the Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

continues in the uncus (part of rhinencephalon: responsible for olfactory perception)

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11
Q

Local Pathways

A

Perforant path, Mossy fibers, and Schaffer’s collaterals

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12
Q

Perforant path

A

starts from the entorhinal cortex, crosses the subiculum and ends on the dentate gyrus

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13
Q

Mossy fibers

A

start from the dentate gyrus and arrive in CA 3

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14
Q

Schaffer’s collaterals

A

originates from CA 3 and ends in CA 1

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15
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

represents the main entrance for information to reach hippocampus

In turn: receives fiber contingents from the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices, as well as from the cingulate gyrus, olfactory cortex, and amygdala

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16
Q

The perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices receive information from the

A

polymodal and unimodal associative cortices

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17
Q

Complex cortical structure of hippocampal formation

A

substrate for refined division of tasks in the course of memory formation

different subcomponents are associated with different steps in the processing of information from the environment to form new memories or to be compared with pre-existing memories

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18
Q

Hippocampus - Perforant path

A

dentate gyrus receives fibers from the entorhinal cortex

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19
Q

Perforant path is considered the

A

site of pattern separation (i.e. the ability to discriminate between very similar contexts)

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20
Q

Perforant path function also made possible by the

A

difference in the number of cells of the entorhinal cortex compared to the dentate gyrus (8 million vs. 18 million) –> information can diverge and be analyzed in finer detail

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21
Q

hippocampus - Activation of at least

A

400 fibers is required for a single granule cell of the dentate gyrus to discharge

Explains why the dentate gyrus is considered a sort of “gate” fo rthe access of information

22
Q

The activity of inhibitory cells interposed between

A

one neuron, and another (interneurons) allows the activity of groups of granule cells to be modulated to allow the passage of a certain frequency and not others = filter

23
Q

Dentate gyrus can also act as a

A

filter of incoming information

24
Q

In the dentate gyrus, a phenomenon of fundamental importance for a

A

new memory formation occurs –> neurogenesis

25
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

one of the two brains structures that has new neuron formation occurring throughout life

26
Q

Young granule cells

A

role in coding and pattern separation

27
Q

Old granule cells

A

respond more rapidly to already known stimuli

28
Q

CA 3

A

arrival site of projections from the entorhinal cortex

29
Q

CA 3 pyramidal cells (dominant type)

A

largely connected to themselves through recurrent connections

30
Q

This organization (CA 3) allows for the

A

“reverberation” of the information that makes up the memories – each memory employs a limited number of highly reverberating cells <— activity makes it difficult to access new information but is crucial for recall

31
Q

Due to large number of interconnections

A

CA 3 involved in pattern completion starting from a detail because through the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus, information from all sensory modalities reaches CA 3

32
Q

Parahippocampal cortex

A

receives the main contingent of fibers from the visual cortex

Activated primarily in relation to visual stimuli, particularly ones related to representation of the context (scene perception)

33
Q

Anterior portions - Parahippocampal Gryus/Cortex

A

respond to objects placed in specific spatial contexts

34
Q

Posterior portions - Parahippocampal Gryus/Cortex

A

activated in recognition of non-spatial contextual constraints

35
Q

Posterior Portions WHOLE STRUCTURE

A

formation of associations based on prior experience

36
Q

Parahippocampal Gryus/Cortex Receives the main afferents from the

A

ventral visual pathway

Carries out a processing of the details of simple and complex objects – also activated in familiarity tasks, differentiating between known and unknown objects and scenes

37
Q

Entorhinal cortex – divided into two portions

A

lateral (LEC) and medial (MEC)

38
Q

LEC

A

involved in processing faces and objects, and their localization in the environment

39
Q

MEC

A

contains specific cells called grid cells and boundary cells that are activated specifically for certain locations in space or at physical boundaries of environments –> involved in processed of navigating the environments

40
Q

Subiculum

A

portion through which information flows to other brain structures

41
Q

Axons of the subiculum form the

A

fimbria that continues into the fornix

42
Q

Fornix is how the

A

hippocampus is connected to a series of structures located anteriorly and dorsally

43
Q

Fornix terminates in the

A

septal nuclei and mammillary bodies

44
Q

A connecting pathway (called mammillothalamic tract)

A

departing from the mammillary bodies and terminates in the Anterior Nucleus of the thalamus

45
Q

Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus then projects to the

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

46
Q

The cingulate cortex finally projects to the

A

entorhinal cortex

47
Q

Papez circuit

A

subiculum (hippocampus) –>

(thru fornix)

mammillary bodies –>

(thru MTT)

Anterior Thalamic nuclei –>

cingulate gyrus –>

(through cingulum)

parahippocampal region –> subiculum (hippocampus)

48
Q

Septal nuclei

A

grouping of neurons located on the midline subdivided into various anatomical structures

49
Q

Septal nuclei receives afferents

A

from the hippocampus and reproject them to the hippocampus itself (often referred to as the septal-hippocampal complex)

50
Q

Septal nuclei’s main role is to produce

A

acetylcholine: NT involved in numerous functions, one of which is the enhancement of cellular mechanisms of learning

neuropsych (25 decks)

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