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neuropsych > lesson 4 > Flashcards

lesson 4 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

when sensory receptors detect stimuli/info

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2
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli; rely messages (APs) to CNS

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3
Q

transduction

A

conversion from sensory stim to APs

first step to perception

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4
Q

perception

A

the organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of that neural information

organizes sensation into complex representations

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5
Q

is all sensory stimuli perceived/conscious?

A

no

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6
Q

what is perception impacted by

A

life factors; beliefs, values, prejudices, and previous experiences

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7
Q

how much of the cerebral cortex is in/directly involved in visual processing

A

up to half

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8
Q

visual pathway (from eye to cortex

A
  1. ganglion cells of retina
  2. optic nerves
  3. optic chiasm decussation
  4. lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of thalamus
  5. primary visual cortex (VI)
  6. associative visual cortices (V2 - V5)
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9
Q

how is pathway information segregated?

A

spatially (retinotopic organization) and qualitatively (color, shape, movement)

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10
Q

how is pathway information segregation maintained?

A

through higher levels with the ‘what and where’ pathways that work in parallel

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11
Q

what pathway anatomic location

A

temporal lobe

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12
Q

where pathway anatomical location

A

parietal lobe

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13
Q

V1

A

mapping/processing visual stimuli

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14
Q

V2

A

color discrimination

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15
Q

V3

A

dorsal/’where’ pathway

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16
Q

V4

A

ventral/’what’ pathway; object recognition, color processing

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17
Q

V4 lesion

A

achromatopsia because color processing region

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18
Q

V5

A

movement and spatial processing

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19
Q

V5 lesion

A

akinetopsia because movement processing region

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20
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A

ACQUIRED color blindness

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21
Q

how does cerebral achromatopsia occur

A

bilateral lesion of V4 (physical trauma, hemorrhage or tumor)

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22
Q

what is preserved with cerebral achromatopsia?

A

stim discrimination based on luminosity

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23
Q

what is perfection deficit (inability to name color) different from

A

other higher-level deficits like color anomia (inability to differentiate/define/describe colors)

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24
Q

what is peripheral achromatopsia

A

SENSORY deficit

cone photoreceptors hystrophy generated markedly reduced visual acuity, extreme light sensitivity, and absence of color discrimination

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25
Q

how does peripheral achromatopsia occur

A

inherited and present from birth

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26
Q

what kind of deficit is peripher achromatopsia

A

sensory deficit

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27
Q

what kind of deficit is cerebral achromatopsia

A

perception deficit

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28
Q

cerebral akinetopsia

A

ACQUIRED motion blindness

perceiving the world in frame

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29
Q

how does cerebral akinetopsia occur

A

bilateral lesion of V5

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30
Q

what kind of deficit is cerebral akinetopsia

A

perception deficit

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31
Q

‘where’/dorsal pathway

A

spatial location, action and guide for movement

vision for action; allows object localization and motor interaction with objects

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32
Q

dorsal pathway PATHWAY

A

V1 –> V2 –> MT –> posterior parietal cortex

33
Q

‘what’/ventral pathway

A

characteristics of objects; shape, color, recognition

vision for perception; allows conscious object perception and recognition

34
Q

neuroanatomy of ventral pathway

A

based on parvocells (small); along inferotemporal cortex, visual info becomes integrated (color, shape, texture)

35
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

perception of faces

36
Q

parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

spatial layout/places

37
Q

lateral occipital cortex (LOC)

A

shapes

38
Q

double dissociation

A

a situation where two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

39
Q

dorsal lesion

A

optic ataxia

simultanagnosia

40
Q

optic ataxia

A

can’t perceive movement

41
Q

simultanagnosia

A

inability to perceive more than 1 stimulus as a time (RARE)

42
Q

ventral lesion

A

visual agnosia

prosopagnosia

43
Q

visual agnosia

A

can’t recognize objects

44
Q

prosopagnosia

A

agnosia for faces

45
Q

what are the limits of double dissociation specifically for ventral and dorsal lesions

A

cerebral lesions are not linear

some believe that there is a third pathway for biological movement and social perception

intra- and inter- talk between systems

46
Q

intra- and inter-talk between systems

A

brain parts working together and “talking” to each other and within themselves

47
Q

agnosia

A

deficit of recognition in one sensory channel (ex: visual, tactile, auditory) BUT MAINTAINS SENSORY ABILITIES

48
Q

can agnosia be category specific?

A

yes (ex: object versus faces)

49
Q

with agnosia is recognition spared in other senses than the one impacted?

A

yes

50
Q

agnosia is independent of…

A

sensory impairment (sensation/processing in primary cortices), mental deterioration, deficit in attention, memory, or other aphasic syndromes

51
Q

visual agnosia

A

deficit in ventral stream

52
Q

apperceptive agnosia

A

inability to integrate elementary sensory information in complex and structured visual perceptions

53
Q

what is preserved in apperceptive agnosia

A

elementary sensory functions (recognition of color and size) are preserved

54
Q

what does apperceptive agnosia result in inability of…

A

to copy an image, describe details, or singular elements of stimulus or distinguish it from others

55
Q

what might an apperceptive agnosic patient present

A

linear drawing instead of real object, overlapping, incomplete, masked, degraded, silhouettes –> more severe recognition deficits

56
Q

what kind of lesion is apperceptive agnosia associated with

A

right occipito-parietal damage

57
Q

associative agnosia

A

not being able to identify a given object; recognize it, remember its name, correctly use it because can’t compare to semantic memory

58
Q

what can someone with associative agnosia do

A

verbally describe the object correctly

59
Q

KEY of associative agnosia

A

perceptual visual analysis is preserved but there is a disconnect between perceptual analyssi adn semantic store

60
Q

what lesion is associative agnosia usually associated with

A

occipito-temporal lesion in left hemisphere or bilaterally

61
Q

some agnosia patients have….. deficits

A

category-specific semantic

62
Q

what do apperceptive and associative agnosia have in common

A

inability to recognitive/name objects

without sensory deficit

only visual sense impacted

63
Q

what is difference about apperceptive agnosia compared to associative with features of an object

A

apperceptive: can describe features of an object but can’t recognize as a whole

associative: can discriminate and categorize but not identify object

64
Q

what is difference about apperceptive agnosia compared to associative copying by drawing

A

apperceptive: inability to copy by drawing

associative: can copy by drawing

65
Q

what is difference about apperceptive agnosia compared to associative with drawing from memory

A

apperceptive: ability to draw object from memory

associative: impaired memory to draw object from memory

66
Q

is apperceptive agnosia a perceptive disorder?

A

yes

67
Q

is associative agnosia a perceptive disorder

A

no perceptual deficit, but linked to degraded ‘stored visual knowledge’

68
Q

cognitive model of visual recognition levels

A
  1. sensory level
  2. perceptual level
  3. semantic level
  4. naming
69
Q

cognitive model of visual recognition sensory level

A

size, length, orientation, location, etc.

70
Q

cognitive model of visual recognition perceptual level

A

a. incomplete, overlapped, etc.

b. unusual perspectives, etc

71
Q

cognitive model of visual recognition semantic level

A

a. chimeric figures decision task (real/unreal)

b. association match (semantic task)

72
Q

cognitive model of visual recognition naming

A

language

73
Q

additional assessment details

A
  1. demographic data and cognitive behaioral history
  2. interview iwth patient and caregiver/relative
  3. administration of standarized tests/batteries
74
Q

while doing assessment review:

A

type and extension of lesion, diaschisis effect, assumption of plastic nature of brain, compensative vs. restorative approaches

75
Q

diaschisis effect

A

immediate depressions of neural synaptic functions in other areas of CNS remote from lesion – lesion impacts other brain areas other than directly where the lesion occurred

76
Q

place/topographic agnosia

A

inability to recognize places but can be retrieved

77
Q

what is place/topographic agnosia often associated with

A

prosopagnosia and achromatopsia

78
Q

color agnosia

A

deficit in color naming and/or color-obj. association

neuropsych (25 decks)

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