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neuropsych > lesson 5 > Flashcards

lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness; a cognitive disorder of face perception where they can’t recognize visually presented faces of known/famous people, includes one’s own (self-recognition)

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2
Q

faces are recognizable…

A

in other modalities or by “feature-by-feature” recognition with secondary clues

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3
Q

what is intact with prosopagnosia?

A

facial parts, other aspects of visual processing, intellectual functioning or memory abilities

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4
Q

greek prosopon

A

face

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5
Q

greek agnosia

A

ignorance/not knowing

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6
Q

how many people have prosopagnosia?

A

1 in 50

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7
Q

what is most common form of prosopagnosia?

A

developmental

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8
Q

what kind of lesion is prosopagnosia usually associated with

A

right/bilateral lesion in occipito-temporal inferior cortices (lingual and fusiform gyri - FFA)

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9
Q

congenital prosopagnosia (developemental)

A

face-recognition deficit evident since childhood and is lifelong

can not be attributed to acquired brain damage

in presence of intact visual and intellectual functions

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10
Q

what is the prevalence and factors of congenital prosopagnosia?

A

2.5% prevalence: probably related to genetic factors

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11
Q

apperceptive prospagnosia

A

acquired; related to earliest processed in face perception system

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12
Q

what is the lesion for apperceptive prosopagnosia

A

right occipito-temporal regions - especially fusiform gyrus

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13
Q

what can those with apperceptive prosopagnosia not do

A

can not make any sense of faces and unable to make same-different judgments when presented with different faces

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14
Q

whats up with facial emotion with apperceptive prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing facial emotion BUT possibility of facial recognition based off secondary clues

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15
Q

associative prosopagnosia

A

acquired; spared perceptual processes but impaired links between early face perception processes and semantic information human hold about people in memories

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16
Q

what is the lesion for associative prosopagnosia

A

right anterior temporal regions may play crucial role

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17
Q

what can people with associative prosopagnosia do

A

can tell whether photos of peoples faces are same or different and derive sex/age from the face

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18
Q

what does people with associative prosopagnosia being about to do that suggest

A

they can make some sense of face info

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19
Q

what do people with associative prosopagnosia have difficulty with

A

identifying person/providing information like name, occupation, etc.

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20
Q

over vs. covert

A

behavioral (eye movement) and ERP studies have shown that absence of conscious recognition of faces can be accompanied with unconscious recognition of htem

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21
Q

2-route model of face recognition

A

ventral and dorsal

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22
Q

how many routes are there in the model of face recognition

A

2

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23
Q

ventral route - face recognition

A

identification detector = overt recognition

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24
Q

dorsal route - face recognition

A

significance detector = covert recognition

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25
Q

neural correlates prosopagnosia

A

occipital face area, FFA, anterior temporal lobe face area

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26
Q

assessment for prosopagnosia

A

matching faces task/benton facial recognition test

facial recognition unit

name retrieval

judgement of facial expression

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27
Q

matching faces task/benton recognition test

A

evaluation of perceptual processing –> different perspective and different ages

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28
Q

facial recognition unit

A

assessing assocaition between faces and stored knowledge –> personal identity nodes

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29
Q

name retrieval

A

naming –> language

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30
Q

judgement of facial expression

A

expression analysis, facial speech analysis, directed visual processing

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31
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 1

A

analysis of visual features

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32
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 2

A

face matching

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33
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 3

A

face discrimination

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34
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 4

A

photo-name assocaition

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35
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 5

A

categorization of faces

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36
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 6

A

memorization techniques (association of salient features, name occupation for learning of unfamiliar faces, verbalization of relevant aspects of the person during presentation at familiar face

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37
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 7

A

caricature presentations

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38
Q

treatment of prosopagnosia step 8

A

semantic assocation

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39
Q

capgras delusion

A

patients holds delusion that close family member/pet has been replaced by an identical imposter – despite recognition of familiarity of behavior/appearance

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40
Q

what is the actually deficit/disconnect with capgras delusion

A

not deficit in perception/recognition of faces BUT disconnect in emotional recognition (you may look like my sibling but you don’t emotionally feel like my sibling)

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41
Q

clinical history of capgras delusion

A

1920s was believed to be psychiatric symptom but by 1980s it was reported in neurological patients

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42
Q

what is capgras delusion resitant to

A

logical-rational explanations

43
Q

who does the capgras delusion occur in

A

those with schizophrenic/neurological patients iwth brain trauma/neurodegenerative disease

44
Q

capgras delusion is a _______ of prosopagnosia

A

mirror (covert with limbic system)

45
Q

covert and overt face recognition model

A

damage between face recognition units and person identity nodes, face recognition units and affective response to familiar stimuli and affective response to familiar stimuli and skin conductance response

46
Q

‘A’ damage

A

between face recognition units and person identity nodes

47
Q

‘A’ damage causes

A

loss of overt face recognition

48
Q

what does ‘A’ damage result in

A

prosopagnosis

49
Q

‘B’ damage

A

between face recognition units and affective response to familiar stimuli

50
Q

‘B’ damage causes

A

loss of affective response and autonomic reaction to a face and device

51
Q

what does ‘B’ damage result in

A

capgras delusion

52
Q

‘C’ damage

A

between affective response to familiar stimuli and skin conductance response

53
Q

what does ‘C’ damage cause

A

loss of differential skin conductance response for familiar/unfamiliar faces

54
Q

what does ‘C’ damage result in

A

not delusions (fronto-ventromedial lesioned subjects)

55
Q

auditory agnosia

A

inability to recognize sounds (ex. associate a sound with the object/event that usually produces it)

56
Q

what type of sounds does auditory agnosia usually refer to

A

nonverbal sounds (in contrast to pure word deafness)

57
Q

what kind of patients is auditory agnosia in

A

patients with adequate hearing

58
Q

is there a distinction between apperceptive and associative auditory agnosia?

A

yes but very few cases described in scientific literature

59
Q

tactile (somatosensory) agnosia

A

inability to recognize objects from touch (ex. integrate/identify tactile representations of items)

60
Q

what do patients have with tactile agnosia

A

adequate somatosensorial sensations indicating no elementary somatosensory loss

61
Q

what does the fact that those with tactile agnosia have adequate somatosensorial sensations indicating no elementary somatosensory loss mean

A

no damage to afferent pathways

62
Q

man who mistook his wife for a hat

A

no visual impairment but ability to assign visual meaning to objects he saw disappeared but he was able to recognize them through other 4 senses

63
Q

what does the man who mistook his wife for a hat have

A

associative agnosia

64
Q

hands

A

60 year old patient blind from birth due to infantile cerebral palsy; always so well cared for she never developed the ability to “perceive” with her hands

65
Q

what did they do with hands

A

pushed her to use her hands and she was able to perceive

66
Q

basic spatial process of dorsal pathway

A

spatial perception leads to ability to form and manipulate an internal representation of the outside world and then locate oneself in it

67
Q

what can one do with the dorsal pathway

A

localize points in space; depth perception; lin eorientation and geometric relations; motion; mental rotation, construction skills, route finding; spatial memory

68
Q

spatial memory

A

higher-level processing, critically dependent on visual perception and visual experience

69
Q

spatial processing is subserved by…

A

dorsal stream that ends in the parietal lobes

70
Q

what does damage to the dorsal stream affect

A

perception of objects in space, detection of movement, and mental rotation

71
Q

what does the dorsal stream with other cortical regions for

A

spatial construction, route finding, and spatial memory

72
Q

what is the hippocampus also crucial for

A

route finding

73
Q

what processes are related to the right hemisphere

A

most processed

74
Q

what is motor related to (brain region)

A

bilateral V5 and surroundings

75
Q

what can left hemisphere contribute to

A

overall processing through employment of complementary processing styles (detectable epefically after brain injury)

76
Q

what does distinct movement-processing can be affected suggest

A

possible presence of doubtle dissociation

77
Q

what kind of relationship does spatial perception habe with other cognitive functions

A

a strict one; especially with memory, attention and working memory

78
Q

along occipito-parietal areas visual info….

A

becomes integrated (motion, locations, perspectives

79
Q

affordances

A

indicate action possibilities offered by objects, independent of visual features that allow their recognition (color, texture, etc)

80
Q

example of affordances

A

an orange and tennis ball look very different but afford the same movements

81
Q

optic ataxia

A

disorder of coordination and accuracy of visually guided movements (command or copy)

82
Q

what can patients with optic ataxia do/is spared

A

patients can execute body-oriented movements normally, compensating for defective visual control by using somatosensory cues

object recognition is usually spared but difficulty reaching for objects/imitate movements

83
Q

with optic ataxia perception is…

A

good

84
Q

with optic ataxia action is…

A

problematic

85
Q

balint-holmes syndrome

A

includes optic ataxia, simultanagnosia, oculomotor apraxia, anososgnosia

86
Q

simultanagnosia

A

not able to perceive more than one object at a time - can perceive single elements in complex scene but not whole image

87
Q

oculomotor apraxia

A

paralysis of eye fixation with inability to look voluntarily into peripheral visual field - difficulty in visual scanning and maintaining fixation on an object

88
Q

what lesion is Balint Holmes syndrome due to

A

bilateral occipito-parietal lesion

89
Q

with simultanagnosia you lose

A

the Navon effect

90
Q

Navon Effect

A

global features are perceived quicker than local features

91
Q

gerstmans syndrome

A

includes visuo-perceptive deficits;

92
Q

what lesion is gerstmanns syndrome associated with

A

left angular gyrus (inferior parietal lobe) in dominant hemisphere

93
Q

cause of gerstmanns syndrome

A

stroke, tumors, multiple sclerosis

94
Q

what is gerstmanns syndrome defined by

A

finger agnosia, agraphia, acalculia, left/right disorientation

95
Q

is there a cure for gerstmanns syndrome

A

no but supportive treatment and sometimes symptoms deminish over time

96
Q

what do lesions of right angular gyrus do

A

lead to hemineglect

97
Q

altered large-scale organization of shape processing in visual agnosia

A

patient SM, 40 years old with right occipito-temporal lesion 20 years before testing (head trauma)

98
Q

visual agnosia case study - symptoms of patient

A

impaired visual recognition –> visual agnosia and prosopagnosia

99
Q

visual agnosia case study - what deficits did patient NOT have

A

no visual field deficits, not deficit in low-level perception (edge orientation and colors)

100
Q

visual agnosia case study - task

A

object perception; altered brain responses bilaterally, even in dorsal stream/parietal cortex)

101
Q

visual agnosia case study - results

A

reduction of shape sensitivity slopes along patients right ventral pathway and similar reduction in contra lesional left ventral pathway

postoerio rparts of dorsal pathway bilaterally also showed a rduction in shape sensitivity

102
Q

visual agnosia case study - findings over 2 years interval

A

a focal cortical lesion in ventral pathway generates a perisisten cortical alteration between two visual pathways

103
Q

visual agnosia case study - to note

A

consistent with the view that distributed network contribute to shape perception

diaschisis phenomenon

neuropsych (25 decks)

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