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neuropsych > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristic elements of these models

A

difference in clinical presentation between subjects with anterior brain damage (Broca) involving symptoms of non-fluent, hypoarticulate and difficult speech, and subjects with posterior brain damage (Wernicke) involving the deficit of comprehension prevailing against a normal fluency of speech (however characterized by phonological, semantic and grammatical errors)

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2
Q

historical models based on

A

the fundamental production-comprehension dichotomy and phonology-semantics or syntax-semantics

very influential and have contributed largely to the development of a variety of aphasia classification systems

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3
Q

boston classification of aphasia - broca’s

A

fluency: nonfluent

comprehension: good

repetition: poor

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4
Q

boston classification of aphasia - transcortical motor

A

fluency: nonfluent

comprehension: good

repetition: good

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5
Q

boston classification of aphasia - global

A

fluency: nonfluent

comprehension: poor

repetition: poor

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6
Q

boston classification of aphasia - wernicke’s

A

fluency: fluent

comprehension: poor

repetition: poor

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7
Q

boston classification of aphasia - transcortical sensory

A

fluency: fluent

comprehension: poor

repetition: good

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8
Q

boston classification of aphasia - anomic

A

fluency: fluent

comprehension: good

repetition: good

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9
Q

boston classification of aphasia - conduction

A

fluency: fluent

comprehension: good

repetition: poor

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10
Q

Traditional system of classification of aphasias doesn’t

A

give correct description of the phenomenology of the disorders and for an adequate framing of the basic mechanisms of language

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11
Q

Currently: study of language is based on…

A

psycholinguistic assumptions

interpretation of the results of detailed observations of aphasic subjects (often single patients)

studies conducted on healthy subjects – especially with functional neuroimaging methods

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12
Q

Refer to three main levels of language processing:

A

Phonological

Semantic-lexical

Grammatical (morphology and syntax)

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13
Q

Processing of elementary auditory stimuli

A

occurs at the level of primary auditory cortex (located in the dorsal region of the temporal lobe [Heschl’s gyri])

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14
Q

Prelexical processing

A

consists of ability to recognize language sounds by distinguishing them from other environmental sounds and from each other (phonological discrimination)

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15
Q

regions mainly involved in prelexical processing are

A

superior temporal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus

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16
Q

Phonological processing system is

A

largely bilateral but functional asymmetries are present

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17
Q

Left hemisphere structures characterized - phonological processing

A

by faster sampling rates and greater temporal resolution

18
Q

Right hemisphere structure characterized - phonological processing

A

by greater spectral resolution and lower sampling rates

19
Q

pure verbal deafness - neural correlates

A

Bilateral lesion of superior temporal gyrus

20
Q

Bilateral lesion of superior temporal gyrus

A

pure verbal deafness

21
Q

pure verbal deafness

A

inability to recognize sound stimuli corresponding to language sounds at a prelexical level of processing

22
Q

Access to the Meaning of Words - theories

A

Several theories about information about the meaning of words/concepts is stored and made accessible in long-term memory systems and semantic memory particularly

23
Q

These theories can be traced to two main strands:

A

Empirical theories and innatists theories

24
Q

Empirical theories

A

based on model of representation of semantic knowledge that maintains the distinction between the main features of the concepts; this distinction would be preserved even at the anatomo-functional level (with the possible presence of a “hub” that acts as a junction for information retrieval)

25
Q

Innatists theories

A

based on the hypothesis that natural selection has exerted such pressure to determine the development of “tomorrow specific” neuronal populations (i.e. those that respond selectively to salient stimuli from the point of view of the survival of the species

26
Q

After the identification of a bunch of sounds as a “word”

A

other structures must take over to figure out the meaning of the word – some belonging to the temporal lobe that are important are:

Middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, anterior portion of the temporal lobe

27
Q

Location of Wernicke’s area is and have been a matter of debate

A

boundaries of region have been shifted many times

28
Q

Main role of structures (Wernicke’s) located in posterior region of the

A

superior temporal gyrus (traditionally Wernicke’s area and planum temporale): perform the analysis of language sounds, maintain their representation (perform repetition and in the learning phase of unfamiliar words)

Would occur through temporary maintenance of sequence phonemes

29
Q

semantic-lexical production

A

Generation of phonemic sequences corresponding to lexical entries: associated with activity of brain regions located in frontal lobe

30
Q

semantic-lexical production - central role

A

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (includes Broca’s area): series of mechanisms ranging from the choice of the word to be produced, to the selection of the correct morphology, up to the programming of the motor sequence that is expressed at the level of the effectors (which include the control of respiration and bucco-phonatory apparatus

31
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Active in lexical retriecal and verbal production (vocal, subvocal, and “internal”)

32
Q

BA44 (pars opercularis) - broca’s

A

involved mainly in phonoloical aspects

33
Q

BA45 (pars triangularis) - broca’s

A

active in both lexical retrieval and articulation

34
Q

Fibers originating from Broca’s area project to the

A

region of motor cortex that control the muscles of the face and phonatory system

35
Q

Grammatical processing

A

refers to both comprehension and production skills of grammatically correct structures

Morphological aspects, Syntactic aspects

36
Q

Syntactic aspects

A

relate to the ability to “order’” words correctly to product sentence or periods (composed of several sentences) that can adequately convey meaning while respecting the rules of the language

37
Q

Morphological aspects

A

relate to the correct inflection of words (noun-adjective agreement, verb conjugation, etc.) based on context

38
Q

Syntactic processing

A

related to the intervention of different brain structures, which come into play differently due to the level of processing required, which may concern both the “local” structure of the sentence and more complex structures

39
Q

syntactic processing - first level

A

frontal operculum and anterior part of superior temporal sulcus

40
Q

syntactic processing - Processing of more complex syntactic structures (ie. characterized by a non-canonical order)

A

involves BA44 along with the posterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus and the superior temporal gyrus

41
Q

Given complexity of phenomenon

A

there is a good possibility that multiple mechanisms are involved in processing of syntactic aspects of language

42
Q

since there is a good possibility there are multiple mechanisms involved in processing of syntactic aspects of language THEREFORE

A

THEREFORE brain network is probably wider than the ones described and includes more structures

neuropsych (25 decks)

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