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neuropsych > lesson 2 > Flashcards

lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

not straightforward to establish the relationship between the neurophysiological bases of cognitive functions in…… so…

A

healthy participants and symptoms and functions of patients with brain damage

so to establish this relationship must study on-line the brain at work, both in healthy peoples and patients

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2
Q

cognitive neuroscientific techniques allow

A

studying the neural bases of mental processes while the brain is working (functional anatomy)

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3
Q

study the brain working in …… with……..

A

both patients and healthy people

with mainly non-invasive methodology

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4
Q

neurophysiological methods

A

EEG and MEG

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5
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalography

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6
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography

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7
Q

neuroimaging

A

MRI, fMRI, and PET

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8
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

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9
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

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10
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

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11
Q

non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)

A

TMS and tES (tDCS/tACS/tRNS)

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12
Q

TMS

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

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13
Q

tES

A

transcranial electrical stimulation

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14
Q

different methods address different questions with

A

different temporal and spatial resolution - different nature of the inference obtained on the relationship between brain functioning and behavioral performance

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15
Q

correlational methods, assessment

A

Neurophysiological methods (EEG and MEG

Neuroimaging (MRI, fMRI, and PET)

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16
Q

casual inference, assessment and treatment

A

non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) (TMS and tES)

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17
Q

NIBS

A

non-invasive brain stimulation

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18
Q

general principles applied when designing neurocognitive studies

A

the more the better, comparisons between an experimental and control group, construct validity

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19
Q

the more the better

A

group studied preferred; many participants and many trials per participants (at least in studied with healthy participants/control groups)

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20
Q

comparisons between experimental and control

A

between at least one experimental and at least one control (ex: observation of static vs. moving dots to identify V5

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21
Q

reliability

A

consistence of a measure, ensures consistent results (test-retest); reliable measurement is not always valid

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21
Q

construct validity

A

The degree to which a psychological test measures the abstract concept or psychological construct it claims to measure

is my behavioral measure the correct operationalization of the cognitive process I aim to study?

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22
Q

specific for cognitive neuroscience

A

has my technique the correct spatial resolution to target the specific brain area of interest

has my technique the correct temporal resolution to capture the process I am interested in

what are the intrinsic limits of my techniques (ie. contradictions, movement constraints, transportability, costs)

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22
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a measure, ensures accurate results; valid measurement is generally reliable

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23
Q

spatial resolution

A

capacity a technique has to tell you exactly WHICH area of the brain is active (WHERE)

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23
Q

EEG

A

records electric activity generated by neurons by using electrodes placed on scalp

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24
Q

temporal resolution

A

ability to tell you exactly WHEN the activation happened

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25
Q

EEG clinical use number of channels

A

up to 16

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26
Q

EEG experimental use number of channels

A

16, 32, 64, or 128-channel EEG cap

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27
Q

EEG international system

A

international 10-20 system is a commonly recognized method to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes

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28
Q

EEG tracing amplitude

A

of waves refers to the intensity of the signal, measure in microvolts (uV)

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29
Q

EEG tracing frequency

A

how many waves there are per second, measure in Hertz (Hz)

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30
Q

higher frequency and reduced amplitude

A

neural desynchronization –> cognitive task

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31
Q

EEG gamma

A

32 - 100 Hz

engaged in cognitive tasks: heightened perception, learning, problem solving, cognitive processing

32
Q

EEG Beta

A

13 - 32 Hz

Awake and thinking: alert consciousness, thinking, excitement

33
Q

EEG alpha

A

8 - 13Hz

awake but resting, eyes closed, non concentration; physically and mentally relaxed

34
Q

EEG theta

A

4 - 8 Hz

REM state of sleep in humans; creativity, insight, deep states, dreams, deep meditation, reduced consciousness

35
Q

EEG delta

A

deep sleep; dreamless sleep, loss of bodily awareness, repair

36
Q

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A

event-related voltage changes in the ongoing EEG activity

describes different stages of processing with extremely high temporal resolution (ms)

37
Q

what happens in ERP experimental design when a large number of epocjs having as onset a sensory, motor, or cognitive stimulation?

A

averaged together – statistical differences between stimulation and rest (or different stimulations)

38
Q

experiment: 13 parkinson disease (PD) patients on and off dopaminergic medication wtih 13 healthy controls (HC - without dopaminergic medication) task

A

flanker task

39
Q

experiment: 13 PD and 13 HC methods

A

comparison of performance and ERP amplitude between groups and medicated vs. not patients - focus on errors usually followed by fronto-centrally distributed negativities (ERPs)

40
Q

experiment: 13 PD and 13 HC results

A

PD: more errors than control but were not significant between medicated vs. not and no difference in behavioral level

PD: reduced Ne/ERN amplitudes relative to HC (differences at neurophysiological level

40
Q

EEG and ERPS comparisons

A

EEG: amplitude and frequency vs.
ERPS: amplitude and latency of each wave

topographical distribution on the scalp

40
Q

in MEG magnetic fields are analysed to…

A

find the location of neuronal sources

41
Q

spatial resolution EEG and ERPs

A

low (the problem of source localization)

41
Q

MEG comparing to EEg

A

same principles of EEG but MEG primarily detects the magnetic fields induced by intracellular electrical activity

WHEREAS

EEG is sensitive to electrical fields generated by extracellular currents

41
Q

in MEG what is done to the resulting source location

A

they are superimposed on an MRI image for clinical and experimental purposes

41
Q

temporal solution EEG and ERPs

A

high (ms)

41
Q

MEG number of electrodes

A

60 - high

41
Q

MEG temporal resolution

A

VERY HIGH (ms)

42
Q

MEG spatial resolution

A

excellent (mm)

43
Q

in vivo brain recording/electrophysiology

A

measures very precisely neuronal activity in brain as either local field potential or single units

44
Q

what kind of technique is in vivo brain recording

A

invasive

45
Q

PET

A

nuclear imaging test that integrates computed tomography (CT) and radioactive tracer that allows to see how body tissues absorb and use different chemicals in real time

46
Q

topographic map

A

ordered projection of a sensory surface or an effector system to one or more structures of the central nervous system

47
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

rapid noninvasive imaging of brain and skull; a series of X-Ray imaged converted into cross-sectional images of brain

48
Q

Steps for PET

A

tracer injected into bloodstream

its radiolabeled (emits gamma rays detectably by PET scanner)

once tracer is absorbed in body, subject is positioned in scanner

computer collects information emitted by tracer and displays on CT cross-sections (can be put back together for 3D image)

49
Q

PET radioisotopes

A

11c, 13N, 15Oxygen, 18F (used as sub for H)

50
Q

what can PET measure/be used for

A

measure blood flow, blood volume, oxygen usage, tissue pH, glucose metabolism, and drug activity

51
Q

what is PET useful for

A

detecting activity of cancer (malignant cells grow fast and metabolize more sugar than normal cells)

tell how aggressive a tumor is/how its growth is slowed by therapy

presurgical evaluation of seizures

52
Q

single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)

A

nuclear imaging scan that integrates CT and a radioactive tracer that allows to see how blood flows to tissues and organs

53
Q

what are the steps of SPECT

A

same as PET but different tracers and low resolution

53
Q

waht are the radioisotopes for SPECT

A

iodine-123, technetium-99m, xeonon-133, thallium-201, and fluorine-18

53
Q

what is SPECT usually used for

A

view how blood flows through arteries and veins in the brain

for brain injury, presurgical evaluation of seizures

53
Q

how does MRI work

A

using a powerful magnet, radio wave and computer to create detailed images

53
Q

what are the mechanisms of MRI

A

body is made up of millions of hydrogen atoms which are magnetic; body is placed in magnetic field - atoms align with field; a radio wave “knocks down” atoms and disrupts polarity; sensor detects time it takes for atoms to return to original alignment

54
Q

what does MRI essentially measure

A

water content of different tissues which is processed by a computer to make highly detailed B and W picture

55
Q

fMRI

A

blood oxygen level dependent effect (BOLD)

magnetic field perpetrated by radiofrequencies

56
Q

what are the different medical properties of hemoglobin

A

deoxygenated and oxygenated

57
Q

paramagnetic

A

weakly attracted by externally applied magnetic fields

57
Q

deoxygenated hemoglobin

A

paramagnetic

58
Q

oxygenated hemoglobin

A

diamagnetic

59
Q

diamagnetic

A

repelled by externally applied magnetic fields

60
Q

areas of the brain that are more active = recieve

A

higher levels of oxygenated blood (believed to correspond to higher neural activity)

61
Q

haemodynamic response

A

blood releases oxygen to activate neurons at greater rate than needed (overcompensate)

62
Q

BOLD effect

A

maps brain function but does not measure neural activity direct BUT changes in blood oxygenation resulting from relative balance between cerebral oxygen metabolism (through neural activity) and oxygen supply (through cerebral blood flow and volume)

63
Q

how can changes in relative levels of de/oxygenated hemoglobin in blood be detected

A

on basis of different magnetic susceptibility

64
Q

BOLD is ________ (time)

A

slow; each ‘point’ in brain is measured every 2/3 seconds

65
Q

temporal res fMRI

A

low

66
Q

spatial res fMRI

A

high

67
Q

what are the obtained results of fMRI

A

statistical maps = comparisons between activation maps in different experimental conditions

68
Q

more sophisticated analysis of fMRI

A

infer functional connectivity and apply algorithm to distinguish between patterns of activation

69
Q

tractography

A

3D modeling technique that images brain pathways/tracts using diffusion tensor/spectrum (DTI/DSI - two varients of MRI)

maps diffusion of water molecules in brain

neuropsych (25 decks)

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