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molecular and cellular neuroscience > vision > Flashcards

vision Flashcards

1
Q

the fibrous or corneoscleral tunic contains; what is function?

A

sclera and cornea; protects eye and attachment for muscles

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2
Q

the vascular or uveal tunic contains what

A

blood vessles, iris, cilliary body and choroid (contains melanocytes for eye color)

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3
Q

the retinal tunic contains

A

retina and retinal pigmented epithelium

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4
Q

what are the two parts of the ciliary body

A

muscular for accommodation and vascular

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5
Q

between cornea and lens

A

anterior chamber

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6
Q

between lens and iris

A

posterior chamber

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7
Q

aqueous humor is made in

A

ciliary body

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8
Q

looking at distant objects ciliary muscles ____ ; the suspensory ligaments ____

A

relax; contract (flattened lens)

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9
Q

looking at close objects ciliary muscles ____ ; the suspensory ligaments ____

A

contract; relax (rounded lens)

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10
Q

axial length of eye is too long and light is focused in front of retina

A

myopia

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11
Q

axial length of the eye is too short; light is focused in back of retina

A

hyperopia

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12
Q

cones are densely packed in what area

A

fovea

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13
Q

the RPE (is attached on photoreceptor) can ___ parts of the outer segments of photoreceptor cell as they age

A

phagocytize

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14
Q

gradual loss of photoreceptors and rods go first (night blindness), the retinal pigmented epithelium deposit in the periphery of the retina

A

retinitis pigmentosa

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15
Q

____ triggers hyperpolarization in photoreceptors

A

light

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16
Q

photoreceptors have ____ potentials

A

graded

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17
Q

the photoreceptor uses ___ to reisomerize all trans retinal to 11-cis retinal

A

IRBP

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18
Q

the ca 2+ that enters the cGMP gated channel inhibits

A

guanalyl cyclase, rhodopsin kinase and loss of cyclic GMP binding to its channel (no light)

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19
Q

light induced closure of the cGMP gated channel leads to reduction of ___ and PhR sensitvity to photons is reduced

A

Ca

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20
Q

vision in dim light, no color, rods only

A

scotopic

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21
Q

medium bright light; combo of rods and cones

A

mescopic

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22
Q

vision in bright light; cones primarily (color vision)

A

photopic

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

many rods converge onto one ____ cell (rods)

A

bipolar cell

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25
Q

one cone converges onto one ____ cell

A

bipolar

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26
Q

more convergence downstream of bipolar cells: many rod bipolar cells converge on a single ____ cell

A

ganglion

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27
Q

one cone bipolar contacts a single ____ cell

A

ganglion

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28
Q

in cones visual acuity is much greater because they maintain a one to one relationshoip between

A

bipolar

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29
Q

no cones or rods in __ ____

A

optic disk

30
Q

absorption for rods and cones: long wavelength (L)

A

red light

31
Q

absorption for rods and cones: medium wavelength (M)

A

green

32
Q

rods repons to light around ____ nm

A

500

33
Q

absorption for rods and cones: short wavelength (S)

A

blue

34
Q

cones are not evenly distributed within fovea we have ___% L and M but very few S

A

64

35
Q

the eye is much less sensitive to ___ light (given less S cones)

A

blue

36
Q

what opsin genes are found on X chromosome that can cause color blindness

A

red and green

37
Q

2 functional cones (colorblindness is called)

A

dichromatism

38
Q

On center bipolar cells: conductance increases in ____; they contain metabotropic glu receptor

A

light

39
Q

on center bipolar cells when light increases causes a close in ____ channels and depolarizes the cell due to less ____

A

cation; glutamate

40
Q

the off center bipolar cell has increased conductance in ____; the glu channel is coupled to ___ channel (more NT released; hyperpolarization)

A

dark ;Na

41
Q

the on center bipolar is ____tropic but the off center is ____tropic

A

metab; iono

42
Q

center surround organization requires ____ inhibition by horizontal and amacrine cells

A

lateral

43
Q

____ cells inhibit the surrounding photoreceptors

A

horizontal (Driven by amount of stimulus)

44
Q

the amacrine cells recieve excitatory inputs from bipolar cells and inhibit the ____ cells

A

cells

45
Q

the amacrine and horizontal cells sharpen ____ by being able to focus in on one photoreceptor and inhibiting the others around it

A

contrast

46
Q

ganglion cell which has a large cell body and dendritic tree; large center surround fields and signal movement (gross features)

A

M cells

47
Q

ganglion cell which has medium cell body and narrower center surround field; they signal fine detail and color

A

P cells

48
Q

ganglion cell which has small axons; no center surround fields; respond to contrast bu increasing or decreasing firing rate based off light

A

w cells

49
Q

if the receptive field of the ON center ganglion cell is hit in the center it will ____ the cell

A

depolarize

50
Q

if the receptive field of the OFF center ganglion cell is hit in the center it will ____ the cell

A

hyperpolarize

51
Q

the P cells also have OFF and ON center organization but respond not to color but

A

specific wavelengths

52
Q

ON ganglion p cells _____ when color hits center but ____ in OFF cells when color hits center

A

depolarize, hyperpolarize

53
Q

ganglion cells project to the optic nerve head which is a __ ____

A

blind spot

54
Q

the axons are bundled together to form __ ___

A

optic nerve

55
Q

3 main projections from retina: the __ ___ ___ (80%) goes LGN to visual cortex for visual perception

A

retino-geniculo-striate

56
Q

3 main projections from retina: goes to pretectum, SCN and accessory optic system. what percentage does this?

A

5%

57
Q

structure important for pupillary reflexes

A

pretectum

58
Q

region important for circadiam rhythm

A

suprachiastmatic

59
Q

the accessory optic system is important for

A

muscle control of the eyes

60
Q

3 main projections from retina: the ___ ____ pathway is important for ___ ___ and emcompasses about 15%

A

retino-tectal

61
Q

in the LGN of thalamus: 2 ganglion cells project there what are they?

A

M and P

62
Q

the M or P cells project to one of the __ layers in the LGN

A

6

63
Q

each layer of the LGN is eye and hemi retina specific (either ___ or ___ + right or left)

A

nasal; temporal

64
Q

the 2 ventral layers of the LGN are __ specific

A

M

65
Q

the 4 dorsal layers of the LGN are __ specific

A

P

66
Q

layers 2,3,5 take info from the _____ eye while 1,4,6 gather info from the ____ eye

A

ipsilateral; contralateral

67
Q

the meyers loop- _____ retina (superior visual field)

A

inferior

68
Q

baums loop- ____ retina (inferior visual field)

A

superior

69
Q

the motion pathway (M cells) is

A
  1. M ganglion
  2. LGN
  3. V1
  4. V2: thick stripes
  5. MT
  6. V5
70
Q

the color pathway (P cells) is

A
  1. parvo ganglion
  2. LGN(3-6)
  3. V1 blobs
  4. V2: thin stripes
  5. V4
71
Q

from visual areas 1 and 2 to posterior parietal (where pathway) (important for location)

A

dorsal pathway

72
Q

V1 and V2 to inferior temporal (what pathway) ( identification of objects)

A

ventral pathway

molecular and cellular neuroscience (16 decks)

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