vision

Question 1

the fibrous or corneoscleral tunic contains; what is function?

Answer 1

sclera and cornea; protects eye and attachment for muscles

Question 2

the vascular or uveal tunic contains what

Answer 2

blood vessles, iris, cilliary body and choroid (contains melanocytes for eye color)

Question 3

the retinal tunic contains

Answer 3

retina and retinal pigmented epithelium

Question 4

what are the two parts of the ciliary body

Answer 4

muscular for accommodation and vascular

Question 5

between cornea and lens

Answer 5

anterior chamber

Question 6

between lens and iris

Answer 6

posterior chamber

Question 7

aqueous humor is made in

Answer 7

ciliary body

Question 8

looking at distant objects ciliary muscles ____ ; the suspensory ligaments ____

Answer 8

relax; contract (flattened lens)

Question 9

looking at close objects ciliary muscles ____ ; the suspensory ligaments ____

Answer 9

contract; relax (rounded lens)

Question 10

axial length of eye is too long and light is focused in front of retina

Answer 10

myopia

Question 11

axial length of the eye is too short; light is focused in back of retina

Answer 11

hyperopia

Question 12

cones are densely packed in what area

Answer 12

fovea

Question 13

the RPE (is attached on photoreceptor) can ___ parts of the outer segments of photoreceptor cell as they age

Answer 13

phagocytize

Question 14

gradual loss of photoreceptors and rods go first (night blindness), the retinal pigmented epithelium deposit in the periphery of the retina

Answer 14

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 15

____ triggers hyperpolarization in photoreceptors

Answer 15

light

Question 16

photoreceptors have ____ potentials

Answer 16

graded

Question 17

the photoreceptor uses ___ to reisomerize all trans retinal to 11-cis retinal

Answer 17

IRBP

Question 18

the ca 2+ that enters the cGMP gated channel inhibits

Answer 18

guanalyl cyclase, rhodopsin kinase and loss of cyclic GMP binding to its channel (no light)

Question 19

light induced closure of the cGMP gated channel leads to reduction of ___ and PhR sensitvity to photons is reduced

Answer 19

Ca

Question 20

vision in dim light, no color, rods only

Answer 20

scotopic

Question 21

medium bright light; combo of rods and cones

Answer 21

mescopic

Question 22

vision in bright light; cones primarily (color vision)

Answer 22

photopic

Question 24

many rods converge onto one ____ cell (rods)

Answer 24

bipolar cell

Question 25

one cone converges onto one ____ cell

Answer 25

bipolar

Question 26

more convergence downstream of bipolar cells: many rod bipolar cells converge on a single ____ cell

Answer 26

ganglion

Question 27

one cone bipolar contacts a single ____ cell

Answer 27

ganglion

Question 28

in cones visual acuity is much greater because they maintain a one to one relationshoip between

Answer 28

bipolar

Question 29

no cones or rods in __ ____

Answer 29

optic disk

Question 30

absorption for rods and cones: long wavelength (L)

Answer 30

red light

Question 31

absorption for rods and cones: medium wavelength (M)

Answer 31

green

Question 32

rods repons to light around ____ nm

Answer 32

500

Question 33

absorption for rods and cones: short wavelength (S)

Answer 33

blue

Question 34

cones are not evenly distributed within fovea we have ___% L and M but very few S

Answer 34

64

Question 35

the eye is much less sensitive to ___ light (given less S cones)

Answer 35

blue

Question 36

what opsin genes are found on X chromosome that can cause color blindness

Answer 36

red and green

Question 37

2 functional cones (colorblindness is called)

Answer 37

dichromatism

Question 38

On center bipolar cells: conductance increases in ____; they contain metabotropic glu receptor

Answer 38

light

Question 39

on center bipolar cells when light increases causes a close in ____ channels and depolarizes the cell due to less ____

Answer 39

cation; glutamate

Question 40

the off center bipolar cell has increased conductance in ____; the glu channel is coupled to ___ channel (more NT released; hyperpolarization)

Answer 40

dark ;Na

Question 41

the on center bipolar is ____tropic but the off center is ____tropic

Answer 41

metab; iono

Question 42

center surround organization requires ____ inhibition by horizontal and amacrine cells

Answer 42

lateral

Question 43

____ cells inhibit the surrounding photoreceptors

Answer 43

horizontal (Driven by amount of stimulus)

Question 44

the amacrine cells recieve excitatory inputs from bipolar cells and inhibit the ____ cells

Answer 44

cells

Question 45

the amacrine and horizontal cells sharpen ____ by being able to focus in on one photoreceptor and inhibiting the others around it

Answer 45

contrast

Question 46

ganglion cell which has a large cell body and dendritic tree; large center surround fields and signal movement (gross features)

Answer 46

M cells

Question 47

ganglion cell which has medium cell body and narrower center surround field; they signal fine detail and color

Answer 47

P cells

Question 48

ganglion cell which has small axons; no center surround fields; respond to contrast bu increasing or decreasing firing rate based off light

Answer 48

w cells

Question 49

if the receptive field of the ON center ganglion cell is hit in the center it will ____ the cell

Answer 49

depolarize

Question 50

if the receptive field of the OFF center ganglion cell is hit in the center it will ____ the cell

Answer 50

hyperpolarize

Question 51

the P cells also have OFF and ON center organization but respond not to color but

Answer 51

specific wavelengths

Question 52

ON ganglion p cells _____ when color hits center but ____ in OFF cells when color hits center

Answer 52

depolarize, hyperpolarize

Question 53

ganglion cells project to the optic nerve head which is a __ ____

Answer 53

blind spot

Question 54

the axons are bundled together to form __ ___

Answer 54

optic nerve

Question 55

3 main projections from retina: the __ ___ ___ (80%) goes LGN to visual cortex for visual perception

Answer 55

retino-geniculo-striate

Question 56

3 main projections from retina: goes to pretectum, SCN and accessory optic system. what percentage does this?

Answer 56

5%

Question 57

structure important for pupillary reflexes

Answer 57

pretectum

Question 58

region important for circadiam rhythm

Answer 58

suprachiastmatic

Question 59

the accessory optic system is important for

Answer 59

muscle control of the eyes

Question 60

3 main projections from retina: the ___ ____ pathway is important for ___ ___ and emcompasses about 15%

Answer 60

retino-tectal

Question 61

in the LGN of thalamus: 2 ganglion cells project there what are they?

Answer 61

M and P

Question 62

the M or P cells project to one of the __ layers in the LGN

Answer 62

6

Question 63

each layer of the LGN is eye and hemi retina specific (either ___ or ___ + right or left)

Answer 63

nasal; temporal

Question 64

the 2 ventral layers of the LGN are __ specific

Answer 64

M

Question 65

the 4 dorsal layers of the LGN are __ specific

Answer 65

P

Question 66

layers 2,3,5 take info from the _____ eye while 1,4,6 gather info from the ____ eye

Answer 66

ipsilateral; contralateral

Question 67

the meyers loop- _____ retina (superior visual field)

Answer 67

inferior

Question 68

baums loop- ____ retina (inferior visual field)

Answer 68

superior

Question 69

the motion pathway (M cells) is

Answer 69

1. M ganglion 2. LGN 3. V1 4. V2: thick stripes 5. MT 6. V5

Question 70

the color pathway (P cells) is

Answer 70

1. parvo ganglion 2. LGN(3-6) 3. V1 blobs 4. V2: thin stripes 5. V4

Question 71

from visual areas 1 and 2 to posterior parietal (where pathway) (important for location)

Answer 71

dorsal pathway

Question 72

V1 and V2 to inferior temporal (what pathway) ( identification of objects)

Answer 72

ventral pathway