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molecular and cellular neuroscience > Lecture 5 + 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 + 6 Flashcards

1
Q

four categories of NT

A

amino acids, biogenic amines, neuropeptdes, nucleosides (lipids and gases)

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2
Q

two main examples of amino acid NT

A

Glu and GABA

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3
Q

biogenic amine NT

A

acetylcholine, catecholamines (dopamine and NE), seratonin

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4
Q

important neuropeptide NT

A

enkephalins

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5
Q

receptors are ___ coded proteins (embedded in plasma membrane)

A

genetic

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6
Q

three types of gating

A

ligand and voltage gated, as well as stretch

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7
Q

two basic types of receptors

A

ionotropic, metabotropic (tied to signaling)

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8
Q

respond to the transmitter released by their own nerve endings

A

autoreceptors (presynaptic) can regulate NT synthesis and release

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9
Q

NT catergory which has high conc. in brain and is fast, excitatory or inhibitory, short duration

A

amino acid

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10
Q

principal excitatory NT in nervous system, important in pain and long term memory

A

GLU

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11
Q

how is glutamate synthesized

A

byproduct of TCA cycle

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12
Q

high high levels of glutamate are

A

neurotoxic

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13
Q

glutamate can be made by ____ enzyme from glutamine in cell

A

glutanimase

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14
Q

VGLUTs pack NT (glutamate) into

A

synaptic vessicles

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15
Q

glutamate can be cleared by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on ____ ____ or by astrocytes (will not be recycled as NT, will be broken down to glutamine)

A

presynaptic terminal

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16
Q

SN1 and SAT2 are proteins which return glutamate to terminal where are they found?

A

plasma membrane only

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17
Q

glutamate has 4 different type of receptors (all are GLU gates cation channels)

A

NMDA, AMPA, kainate, mGluR

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18
Q

AMPA and kainate receptors pass primarily __ some _

A

Na, Ca

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19
Q

NMDA receptor primarily passes

A

Ca

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20
Q

___ is typically larger and faster out of the GLU channels

A

NMDA

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21
Q

___ blocks NMDA channels at hyperpolarized membrane potentials

A

Mg2+

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22
Q

things that have to happen for NMDA to open

A
  1. AMPA receptor has to turn on (changes membrane potential, gets rid of Mg)]
  2. GLU has to bind with a coagonist glycine
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23
Q

increase glutamate leads to neuronal death due to

A

excitotoxicity

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24
Q

most common inhibitory NT, synthesized by Glutamate

A

GABA

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24
Q

decrease of glutamate leads to

A

coma, death

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25
Q

GABA is packaged into vesicles by

A

VIAAT (vesicular inhibitory amino acid transp.

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26
Q

GABA is removed by ___ can be taken up by astrocytes or presynaptic cells converted to succinate

A

GATS

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27
Q

three types of GABA receptors dictated by subunits of receptor (bring in mainly Cl-)

A

a, b, c

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28
Q

regulation of GABA

A

benzodiaxepines, barbituates, steroids

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29
Q

NT category which regulate many brain functions, mostly behavior

A

biogenic amines

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30
Q

acetocholine is a ___ amine

A

quartenary

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31
Q

chatecolamines, histamine and seratonin are

A

biogenic amines

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32
Q

acetylcholine is synthesized by acetyl Coa and ___

A

choline

33
Q

choline is taken up from environemnt by

A

ChT (choline transporter) 10,000 NT are loaded into vessicles

34
Q

2 types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic (cardiac and smooth) and nicotinic (skeletal muscle)

35
Q

patients make autoantibodies that inhibit nicotinic Ach

A

myasthenia gravis

36
Q

a treatment of myasthenia gravis is ____ its a competitive inhibitor

A

pyridostigmine

37
Q

catecholamines are derived from

A

tyrosine

38
Q

tyrosine is converted to ___ then to dopamine through use of dopa decarboxylase

A

DOPA

39
Q

dopamine is converted to ___ through use of dopamine b- hydroxylase

A

NE

40
Q

NE is converted to _____(E) through phenylethanol-amine-N-methyl tranferase

A

epinephrine

41
Q

dopamine is found in ___ ____

A

corpus striatum (recieves info from substantia nigra, coordinates body movement)

42
Q

dopamine is loaded into vesicles by

A

monoamine transporters

43
Q

dopamine is cleared from synapse by and degraded by

A

dopamine transporters (DATS; on synaptic terminal and astrocytes) ; monoamine oxidase

44
Q

seratonin is synthesized from

A

tryptophan –> 5-HTP

45
Q

early form of antidepressants targeted

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

46
Q

newer forms of antidepressants are called

A

SSRI’s or SNRI’s

47
Q

NT category categorized by low conc. in brain and are typically modulators; receptors are metabotropic and slow

A

neuropeptides

48
Q

neuropeptide made as pre-propeptides into active met and leu peptides

A

enkephalins

49
Q

process of converting an extracellular signal to a functional change in cell

A

signal transduction

50
Q

intracellular signaling involves ___

A

pathways

51
Q

components of signaling pathway

A

signal, receptor, effector molecule, response

52
Q

a molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule

A

ligand

53
Q

cells release a signal that initiates a transduction process in cells which recieve that signal

A

chemical communication

54
Q

types of chemical communication

A

paracrine and endocrine signaling as well as synaptic transmission (NT)

55
Q

ligands that cannot cross by themselves but need to bind to receptor

A

cell-impermeant molecules

56
Q

ligand and receptor are both membrane bound and so cells must be close to have affect

A

cell associated molecules

57
Q

must be able to distinguish between closely relates signals (receptor characteristic)

A

specificity

58
Q

signal are often present in low conc. signal needs to bind well enough to cause cascade ,(receptor characteristic)

A

high affinity

59
Q

cell has a finite number of receptors (receptor characteristic)

A

saturability

60
Q

ligand-receptor linkage not covalent (need them to seperate) (receptor characteristic)

A

reversibility

61
Q

receptor transfers a signal from outside to inside of cell (receptor characteristic)

A

coupling

62
Q

4 types of receptors

A

channel linked, enzyme linked, g protein coupled, intracellular receptors

63
Q

___ act as on-off switches

A

effectors (should to be transient; has on and off state)

64
Q

g protein is made up of one monomer which gets turned on and off

A

monomeric g proteins

65
Q

each subunit of effector is different and have different roles (ex. alpha can do signal, b and gamma can do regulation)

A

hetertrimeric g proteins

66
Q

ras has two states (inactive bound to ___) in active state it is bound to __

A

GDP, GTP

67
Q

___ helps to activate and exchange GDP for GTP

A

GEF

68
Q

GAP do ___ to GDP

A

GTP

69
Q

4 types of heterotrimeric G proteins

A

Gs (stimulatory) Gi (inhibitory) Gq (interacts with phospholipase C)
G12 (activate Rho GTPase)

70
Q

makes cAMP+ ppi from ATP

A

adenyl. cyclase

71
Q

makes cGMP+ ppi from GTP

A

guanylyl cyclase

72
Q

both of cAMP and cGMP activate __ ___

A

protein kinases

73
Q

___ _ cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

A

Phospholipase C

74
Q

IP3 is broken down by ____ or made into other molecules

A

phosphotases

75
Q

DAG is phosphorylated into ___ ___

A

phosphotidic acid

76
Q

___ ___ form a pocket for protein to go into

A

catalytic subunits

77
Q

need to have ___ to bind to catalytic subunits to disconnect from regulatory subunits which allows for comformational change

A

cAMP

78
Q

in CAMKII the bond to Ca allows ___ ____ to extend away from association domain and can bind to proteins

A

catalytic subunits

79
Q

in PKC (protein kinase C) ca allows lipid domain into plasma membrane ___ ___ is displaced and catalytic domain released

A

regulatory domain

80
Q
A

molecular and cellular neuroscience (8 decks)

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