Lecture 5 + 6 Flashcards by Mo Corey

four categories of NT

amino acids, biogenic amines, neuropeptdes, nucleosides (lipids and gases)

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two main examples of amino acid NT

Glu and GABA

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biogenic amine NT

acetylcholine, catecholamines (dopamine and NE), seratonin

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important neuropeptide NT

enkephalins

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receptors are ___ coded proteins (embedded in plasma membrane)

genetic

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three types of gating

ligand and voltage gated, as well as stretch

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two basic types of receptors

ionotropic, metabotropic (tied to signaling)

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respond to the transmitter released by their own nerve endings

autoreceptors (presynaptic) can regulate NT synthesis and release

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NT catergory which has high conc. in brain and is fast, excitatory or inhibitory, short duration

amino acid

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principal excitatory NT in nervous system, important in pain and long term memory

GLU

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how is glutamate synthesized

byproduct of TCA cycle

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high high levels of glutamate are

neurotoxic

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glutamate can be made by ____ enzyme from glutamine in cell

glutanimase

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VGLUTs pack NT (glutamate) into

synaptic vessicles

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glutamate can be cleared by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) on ____ ____ or by astrocytes (will not be recycled as NT, will be broken down to glutamine)

presynaptic terminal

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SN1 and SAT2 are proteins which return glutamate to terminal where are they found?

plasma membrane only

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glutamate has 4 different type of receptors (all are GLU gates cation channels)

NMDA, AMPA, kainate, mGluR

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AMPA and kainate receptors pass primarily __ some _

Na, Ca

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NMDA receptor primarily passes

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___ is typically larger and faster out of the GLU channels

NMDA

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___ blocks NMDA channels at hyperpolarized membrane potentials

Mg2+

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things that have to happen for NMDA to open

AMPA receptor has to turn on (changes membrane potential, gets rid of Mg)]
GLU has to bind with a coagonist glycine

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increase glutamate leads to neuronal death due to

excitotoxicity

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most common inhibitory NT, synthesized by Glutamate

GABA

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decrease of glutamate leads to

coma, death

GABA is packaged into vesicles by

VIAAT (vesicular inhibitory amino acid transp.

GABA is removed by ___ can be taken up by astrocytes or presynaptic cells converted to succinate

GATS

three types of GABA receptors dictated by subunits of receptor (bring in mainly Cl-)

a, b, c

regulation of GABA

benzodiaxepines, barbituates, steroids

NT category which regulate many brain functions, mostly behavior

biogenic amines

acetocholine is a ___ amine

quartenary

chatecolamines, histamine and seratonin are

biogenic amines

acetylcholine is synthesized by acetyl Coa and ___

choline

choline is taken up from environemnt by

ChT (choline transporter) 10,000 NT are loaded into vessicles

2 types of cholinergic receptors

muscarinic (cardiac and smooth) and nicotinic (skeletal muscle)

patients make autoantibodies that inhibit nicotinic Ach

myasthenia gravis

a treatment of myasthenia gravis is ____ its a competitive inhibitor

pyridostigmine

catecholamines are derived from

tyrosine

tyrosine is converted to ___ then to dopamine through use of dopa decarboxylase

DOPA

dopamine is converted to ___ through use of dopamine b- hydroxylase

NE is converted to _____(E) through phenylethanol-amine-N-methyl tranferase

epinephrine

dopamine is found in ___ ____

corpus striatum (recieves info from substantia nigra, coordinates body movement)

dopamine is loaded into vesicles by

monoamine transporters

dopamine is cleared from synapse by and degraded by

dopamine transporters (DATS; on synaptic terminal and astrocytes) ; monoamine oxidase

seratonin is synthesized from

tryptophan --> 5-HTP

early form of antidepressants targeted

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

newer forms of antidepressants are called

SSRI's or SNRI's

NT category categorized by low conc. in brain and are typically modulators; receptors are metabotropic and slow

neuropeptides

neuropeptide made as pre-propeptides into active met and leu peptides

enkephalins

process of converting an extracellular signal to a functional change in cell

signal transduction

intracellular signaling involves ___

pathways

components of signaling pathway

signal, receptor, effector molecule, response

a molecule that binds to a specific site on another molecule

ligand

cells release a signal that initiates a transduction process in cells which recieve that signal

chemical communication

types of chemical communication

paracrine and endocrine signaling as well as synaptic transmission (NT)

ligands that cannot cross by themselves but need to bind to receptor

cell-impermeant molecules

ligand and receptor are both membrane bound and so cells must be close to have affect

cell associated molecules

must be able to distinguish between closely relates signals (receptor characteristic)

specificity

signal are often present in low conc. signal needs to bind well enough to cause cascade ,(receptor characteristic)

high affinity

cell has a finite number of receptors (receptor characteristic)

saturability

ligand-receptor linkage not covalent (need them to seperate) (receptor characteristic)

reversibility

receptor transfers a signal from outside to inside of cell (receptor characteristic)

coupling

4 types of receptors

channel linked, enzyme linked, g protein coupled, intracellular receptors

___ act as on-off switches

effectors (should to be transient; has on and off state)

g protein is made up of one monomer which gets turned on and off

monomeric g proteins

each subunit of effector is different and have different roles (ex. alpha can do signal, b and gamma can do regulation)

hetertrimeric g proteins

ras has two states (inactive bound to ___) in active state it is bound to __

GDP, GTP

___ helps to activate and exchange GDP for GTP

GEF

GAP do ___ to GDP

GTP

4 types of heterotrimeric G proteins

Gs (stimulatory) Gi (inhibitory) Gq (interacts with phospholipase C) G12 (activate Rho GTPase)

makes cAMP+ ppi from ATP

adenyl. cyclase

makes cGMP+ ppi from GTP

guanylyl cyclase

both of cAMP and cGMP activate __ ___

protein kinases

___ _ cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

Phospholipase C

IP3 is broken down by ____ or made into other molecules

phosphotases

DAG is phosphorylated into ___ ___

phosphotidic acid

___ ___ form a pocket for protein to go into

catalytic subunits

need to have ___ to bind to catalytic subunits to disconnect from regulatory subunits which allows for comformational change

cAMP

in CAMKII the bond to Ca allows ___ ____ to extend away from association domain and can bind to proteins

catalytic subunits

in PKC (protein kinase C) ca allows lipid domain into plasma membrane ___ ___ is displaced and catalytic domain released

regulatory domain