nociception

Question 1

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with potential tissue damage

Answer 1

pain

Question 2

transduction process of pain

Answer 2

nociception

Question 3

specialized bare nerve endings

Answer 3

nociceptors

Question 4

3 classes of nociceptors

Answer 4

high threshold mechanical, thermal or polymodal

Question 5

nociceptors which respond directly to noxious tactile stimulo, mediate sharp pricking pain; thinly myelinated

Answer 5

high threshold mechanical

Question 6

nociceptors which sense noxious temp. changes

Answer 6

thermal

Question 7

nociceptors which respond indirectly to injury by means of chemicals released from traumatized tissue; slow burning pain

Answer 7

polymodal

Question 8

mechanical receptors are also activated by painful stimulus; carried by what type of fibers (not actually pain just a warning)

Answer 8

A alpha and A beta

Question 9

fast pain uses what fibers and feels like?

Answer 9

a delta fibers and sharp, pricking pain

Question 10

slow (chronic) pain uses what fibers and feels like

Answer 10

C fibers (polymodal receptors); burning, throbbing and aching

Question 11

channels which respond to noxious heat or chemicals

Answer 11

TRP- channel

Question 12

channels which respond to noxious cold

Answer 12

TRPA1

Question 13

channel which responds to mechanical and some chem. stimuli

Answer 13

epithelium Na channel

Question 14

receptors which respond to P2X (purines, usually ATP)

Answer 14

purinergic receptor

Question 15

The TRP channels are permeable to what ions and are polymodal

Answer 15

Ca/Na

Question 16

the TRP are activated by ____ and ____; temp. above 45

Answer 16

vanilloids (pepper) and protons

Question 17

the thermo-TRPs channels are all ____ sensitive and have different ranges and thresholds

Answer 17

temp.

Question 18

The ENaC channel is acid sensitive and gated by ___

Answer 18

protons

Question 19

the P2X receptors are ___ gated and have binding site at N-terminus and in lysines

Answer 19

ATP

Question 20

____ nociceptors are regulated by their environment (tissue damage results in inflammation)

Answer 20

polymodal

Question 21

increased response to a painful stimulus

Answer 21

hyperalgesia

Question 22

stimulus that was not painful before injury but now is

Answer 22

allodynia

Question 23

primary hyperlagesia

Answer 23

pain confined to a region of skin that was intially damaged

Question 24

secondary hyperalgesia

Answer 24

site becomes hypersensitive to stimuli, increased pain sens. of region surrounding

Question 25

nociceptors can react with any number of cells such as

Answer 25

injured epithelial, immune cells, neuropeptides, mast cells, glial cells

Question 26

many of the peripheral mechanisms for inducing primary hyperalgesia ___ regulate pain receptors

Answer 26

indirectly

Question 27

pain receptors activated in primary hyperalgesia

Answer 27

bradykinin and NGF

Question 28

nociception signaling (1°): the bradykinin receptor is released by macrophages and mast cells and activates G-protein which acrivates

Answer 28

phospholipase C, PIP2, IP3 and DAG; calcium is released and it activates protein kinase C ---> depolarizes cell

Question 29

nociception signaling (1°): protoglandins E2 binds to its receptor and binds to Gs which activates

Answer 29

adenyl cyclase and cAMP --> protein kinase a ---> TTX resistant Na channel (blocks poisons) Na rushes in

Question 30

nociception signaling (1°): ATP binds to P2X and increases what ion release

Answer 30

Na+ and Ca2+ or second messenger GPCR

Question 31

nociception signaling (1°) : ADP binds to ___

Answer 31

P2Y

Question 32

nociception signaling (1°) : adenosine binds to ___ ___

Answer 32

adenosine receptors

Question 33

produce mediators that sensitize nociceptors

Answer 33

immune cells

Question 34

2 mechanisms by which secondary hyperalgesia occurs (in spinal cord)

Answer 34

1. increase activation of astrocytes 2. activates of NMDA glutamate receptor

Question 35

NMDA glutamate actiavtes has both short term and long term effect on pain neurons in

Answer 35

spinal cord

Question 36

Wide dynamic range neurons recieve innervation from both ___ and ___ sensory neurons

Answer 36

pain and mechanoreceptive

Question 37

the WDR neurons are excited by C fibers but inhibited by ___

Answer 37

mechanoreceptive fibers

Question 38

the WDR neurons are responsive to what somatosensory modalities

Answer 38

thermal, chemical, mechanical

Question 39

the first central mechanism activates astrocytes and infiltration of ____ cells to secrete cytokines and growth factors

Answer 39

immune

Question 40

DRG afferents (a delta and C) send axons into ___ spinal cord

Answer 40

dorsal

Question 41

a delta fibers make synapses in dorsal horn and _____ in spinal cord

Answer 41

decussate

Question 42

C fibers in spinal cord ___ and move up and down spinal cord

Answer 42

bifurcate (lissauers tract)

Question 43

a delta fibers move in rexeds laminae __ and __

Answer 43

I and V

Question 44

C fibers move in rexeds laminae __ and __

Answer 44

I and II

Question 45

tract which mediates sensory discriminative information (location, quality and location)

Answer 45

spinothalamic tract

Question 46

second order neurons in spinothalamic tract project to ___ of thalamus

Answer 46

VPL

Question 47

nociception remains seperate from mechano and proprioceptive info up to __

Answer 47

S1

Question 48

affective motivation (second pain) pathway in anterolateral conveys motivation aspects such as

Answer 48

fear, anxiety, autonomic activation