circadian rhythms & sleep/wake

Question 1

_____ activity is a commonly studied output of the circadian rhythm

Answer 1

locomotor

Question 2

free running period is when rhythms are not tied to __ ___ cycle

Answer 2

light-dark

Question 3

entrainment of the circadian rhythm is brought about by ____

Answer 3

light

Question 4

light responsive retinal ___ cells transduce light signals necessary for entrainment

Answer 4

ganglion

Question 5

small sub pop of retinal ganglion cells express opsins ___ and ___

Answer 5

4 & 5

Question 6

The RGC project out of the eye to the nerve and project to the ___ in hypothalamus

Answer 6

SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus)

Question 7

The scn is the ___ and gives rise to pineal gland secretion and circadian rhythm

Answer 7

pacemaker

Question 8

The SCN pathway is

Answer 8

paraventricular nucleus —> intermediolateral cell column —> superior cervical ganglion —> pineal gland —> melatonin release

Question 9

lesions in the SCN cause ____

Answer 9

arrythmicity

Question 10

light pulse close to dark cycle causes a

Answer 10

phase delay

Question 11

clock controlled genes control

Answer 11

biological processes

Question 12

dimers of two proteins which are a part of the “clock”

Answer 12

BMAL-1 and CLOCK

Question 13

protein dimer that is present in higher levels in the morning and less as the day goes on

Answer 13

BMAL-1

Question 14

BMAL-1 and CLOCK are brought into nucleus and then regulate transcription by binding to

Answer 14

E box (in promotor of clock controlled genes)

Question 15

BMAL-1 and CLOCK upregulate what genes

Answer 15

clock controlled

Question 16

regulation of clock controlled genes: PER accumulates in cytoplasm during the day but without ___ is broken down; ____ accumulates at night to stabilize PER

Answer 16

CRY; CRY

Question 17

BMAL1:CLOCK complex upregulates per and cry genes by binding to ___ in promotors for those two genes

Answer 17

E box

Question 18

when PER:CRY:CK1 complex gets to nucleus it inhibitis its own transcription by binding to and inhibiting the actions of

Answer 18

BMAL1:CLOCK

Question 19

BMAL1:CLOCK also upregulates rev-erb and retinoid related receptor genes they bind to ____ __ and repress its expression

Answer 19

bmal 1

Question 20

the SCN forms connections with neurons and the signal is sent to retinal ganglion cells which express ___ and ___; this activates and AMPA/NMDA receptor which activates kinase and ____

Answer 20

glutamate and PACAP; CREB

Question 21

in the dark a flash of light can activate ____

Answer 21

CREB

Question 22

periodic bursts of neuronal activity, the result of interactions between thalamic and cortical neurons

Answer 22

sleep spindles

Question 23

beta waves at high frequency

Answer 23

awake

Question 24

sleep spindles and increasing freq.

Answer 24

stage II

Question 25

delta waves and low frequency

Answer 25

stage III and IV

Question 26

stimulation of the cholinergic neurons in the __ ___ __ triggers a sleeping cat to waken

Answer 26

reticular activating system

Question 27

the reticular activating system contains circuits that arise from several areas of the ____

Answer 27

brainstem

Question 28

for non REM states all of these pathways are decreased

Answer 28

reticular act. system, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei and TMN

Question 29

TMN controls ____ release

Answer 29

histamine

Question 30

the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus anterior (VLPO) is activates leads to (lesions lead to insomnia)

Answer 30

sleep

Question 31

the ___ neurons activate TMN the ___ inhibits the TMN

Answer 31

orexin; VPLO

Question 32

diurnal animals have more connection ____ then VLPO

Answer 32

SCN

Question 33

nocturnal animals connect with VLPO rather than SCN which explains what

Answer 33

different times of activity