auditory system

Question 1

sound travels in sine waves and is made up of

Answer 1

compression and rarefaction

Question 2

sound moves through the ear

Answer 2

outer ear to tympanic membrane to eardrum then to ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) oval or round window into cochlea to round window

Question 3

the directional collector and ampifier

Answer 3

outer ear

Question 4

impedance matching (of sound waves in air vs water) and protection

Answer 4

middle

Question 5

spectral analysis and transduction

Answer 5

inner ear

Question 6

outer ear structures

Answer 6

auricle and external auditory canal

Question 7

middle ear structures

Answer 7

flanked by eardrum (oval window, round window) , ossciles and eustachian tube

Question 8

the ____ ____ links middle ear with nasopharyngeal cavity- adjust to atmosphere pressure

Answer 8

eustachian tube

Question 9

major function of middle ear is to transmit sounds in air to sound in ____; the sound is beining concentrated by stapes on oval window

Answer 9

liquid

Question 10

muscles in middle ear

Answer 10

tensor tampani and stapedius

Question 11

the oval window connects with liwuid in

Answer 11

scala vestibuli

Question 12

the scala tympani connects with the ___ ___ and it bulges outward to relieve pressure

Answer 12

round window

Question 13

within scala media there is the ___ ___

Answer 13

tectoral membrane

Question 14

the hair cells in the tectoral membrane are apart of the __ ___ __ and innervated by spinal ganglion

Answer 14

orga of corti

Question 15

all hair cells have ____ which tectoral membrane sits on top of

Answer 15

stereocilia

Question 16

the vibrations from the stapes on the oval window are conducted through the perilymph, the scala vestibuli ____ perilymph towards helicotrema through scala tympani and displaces ____ ___

Answer 16

displaces; round window

Question 17

movement of perilymph causes upwards and downwards movements of ___ ___

Answer 17

scala media

Question 18

_____ frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane to move better at the base

Answer 18

higher

Question 19

_____ frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane to move better at the apex

Answer 19

lower

Question 20

at the apex the fibers are ____ and its broad and flaccid

Answer 20

longer

Question 21

movement of basilar membrane drives _____ force on stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane

Answer 21

shearing

Question 22

hair cells do not have ___ ____

Answer 22

action potentials

Question 23

if the sound moves the tectorial membrane and therefore hair cells to the tallest ones then there is ____ and release of NT

Answer 23

depolarization

Question 24

the kinocilia is always with the ____ stereocilia

Answer 24

tallest

Question 25

kinocilia degenerate in cochlea from hair cells during ____

Answer 25

development

Question 26

transduction of sound occurs through _____ gated ion channels

Answer 26

mechanically

Question 27

each stereocillium linked to adjacent by ___ ____

Answer 27

tip links

Question 28

the tip links open lid of ion channel when stretched; closes when relaxed; what happens when stretched towards tallest

Answer 28

channels are not very selective so Ca2+ and K+ caise depolarizatiom and release of NT onto afferent nerve

Question 29

the scala tympani and vestibuli are perilymph which is low in

Answer 29

K+

Question 30

scala media has endolymph which has high

Answer 30

K+

Question 31

hair cells are innervated by two different types of nerve

Answer 31

afferent spiral ganglion and efferent fibers from superior olivary complex

Question 32

each inner hair cell is innervated by many spiral ___ cells

Answer 32

ganglion

Question 33

efferent effects on hair cells are typically ____ and ____ target cell

Answer 33

inhibitory and hyperpolarize

Question 34

outer hair cells respond to different sound volumes by ___ ___

Answer 34

changing length (electromotile response)

Question 35

outer hair cells help us to focus on particular sounds (attention) and ___ ___ sounds

Answer 35

low level

Question 36

fibers from specific parts of basilar membrane are active specific frequencies

Answer 36

place code

Question 37

synchronzied firing (low freq.): phase locking neurons which fire in synchrony to portion of wave form

Answer 37

temporal code

Question 38

different neurons work together, firing at diff. times- together fire at actual freq.

Answer 38

volley principle of temporal code

Question 39

areas we receive auditory info in pons

Answer 39

nucleus of lateral leminuscus and superior olivary

Question 40

difference in arrival times of sound to ears is called

Answer 40

interaural time difference

Question 41

locations of sound can have same ITDA they will lie in

Answer 41

cone of confusion

Question 42

difference in sound preference for high freq. sounds; the head will create a barrier that interferes with these sounds reach other ear in front or behind

Answer 42

interaural intensity difference

Question 43

__ ___ ___ neurons are coincidence detectors- respond only with excitatory signals which arrive simulatanously

Answer 43

medial superior olive

Question 44

the IID works in _ ___ ___ which gets info from both ears and from ipsilateral side it will be excitatory and from contralateral LSO will make that excitatory signal inhibitory.

Answer 44

Lateral superior olive

Question 45

sound vibrations can’t be conducted to inner ear (ear wax, ruptured ear drum)

Answer 45

conduction deafness

Question 46

damaged hair cells or auditory pathway; usually result of age or extremely loud noises

Answer 46

sensorineural deafness

Question 47

infection of middle ear; eustachian tubes become swollen and occluded

Answer 47

otitis media