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IDIT > Vishy - Hematopoeisis > Flashcards

Vishy - Hematopoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood composed of? what are the cellular components of the blood?

A
  1. cells and plasma

2. RBC’s, WBC’s and blood platelets

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2
Q

What are the only complete cells that have nucleus

A

WBC

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3
Q

What are WBC divided into?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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4
Q

What do granulocytes include

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. basophils
  3. eosinophils
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5
Q

what do agranulocytes include

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. plasma cell
  4. dendritic cells
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6
Q

WBC have a ____ lifespan and are incapable of proliferation, except for ____ which can proliferate in response to antigens and ____

A

short; lymphocytes; IL2

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7
Q

What are all blood cells derived from

A

pluripotent stem cells or hemocytoblasts

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8
Q

Pluripotent stem cells are first seen in ___ ___ but then starting from the third month untol the 7th month, they are seen in ___ and spleen. From 7th month on the stem cells are seen in ___ ___

A

yolk sac; liver; bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the ratio of differentiated cells to stem cells in bone marrow

A

10 ^5: 1

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10
Q

Pluripotent stem cells give rise to ___ and ____lineages

A

lymphoid; myeloid

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11
Q

Lymphoid cells give rise to _____ which acts as a precursor for prolymphoctyes

A

lymphoblast

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12
Q

Lymphocytes T and B are derived from _____

A

prolymphocytes

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13
Q

What do myeloid cells give rise to

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. neutrophils
  3. eosinophils
  4. basophils
  5. monocytes
  6. platelets
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14
Q

what does blood plasma consist of

A
  1. nutrients
  2. salts
  3. respiratory gases
  4. hormones
  5. proteins
  6. waste products
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15
Q

what does plasma proteins consist of

A
  1. albumin: regulates osmotic pressure
  2. clotting proteins: help to stem blood loss when bv is injured
  3. antibodies: help protect the body from antigens
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16
Q

what make up the formed elements

A
  1. erythrocytes
  2. leukocytes
  3. platelets
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17
Q

what do lymphocytes give rise to

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. NK cells
  3. T cell
  4. B cell
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18
Q

what does hematophoiesis mean? where does it occur?

A

blood cell formation;

  • red bone marrow of the axial skeleton and girdles
  • epiphyses of the humerus and femur
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19
Q

From myeloid cells arise ____ which give rise to early erythroblast and then late erythroblast. Late erythroblast differentiate into _____

A

proertyhroblast; erythrocytes

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20
Q

during what stage does the RBC actually possess nucleus and nucleolus

A

pro erythrocyte stage

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21
Q

describe the mature RBC

A
  1. biconcave in shape
  2. lacks nucleus and organelles
  3. contain abundant hemoglobin
  4. have life span of 120 days
22
Q

What is the cytokine that induce stem cells to form RBC

A

erythropointin; which is secreted by kidney cells when the oxygen levels are low.

23
Q

Erythropoises is hormonally controlled and depends on adequate supplies of what?

A
  1. iron
  2. amino acids
  3. B vitamins
  4. EPO
24
Q

How do erythrocytes get destructed

A

they become rigid and fragil and their Hb begins to degenerate. Dying erythrocytes are engulfed by macrophages. Heme and globin are sep and the iron is salvaged for reuse.

25
Q

myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts or monoblasts. myeloblasts develop into ___ ___ and ___. Monoblasts develop into ____

A

eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils; monocytes

26
Q

what are features of leukocytes (WBC)

A
  1. complete cells
  2. less numerous than RBC
  3. make up 1% of the total blood volume
  4. can leave capillaries via diapedesis
  5. move through tissue spaces
27
Q

what is leukocytosis

A

WBC count over 11, 000 per cubic mm

28
Q

what are the granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. basophils
  3. eosinophils
    - larger and shorter lived than RBC
    - have lobed nuclei
    * cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with wrights stain
29
Q

what are properties of neutrophils

A
  1. phagocytic cells with a short life span of a day
  2. have acidic and basic granules
  3. multilobed nucleus
  4. dev primary and secondary granules
  5. kill microbes intracellularly and cont to INNATE immunity only
30
Q

what do primary granules of neutrophils contain? what about secondary granules

A

primary: lysozyme, alpha defensins, myeloperoxidase
secondary: lactoferrin; sequesters iron, depriving the pathogen from iron leading to the inhibition in the growth of the microbe.

31
Q

____catalysis the reaction leading to production of hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen and both these molecules have potent antimicrobial effects

A

Myeloperoxidase

32
Q

T/F Neutrophils present antigens to T cells

A

F

33
Q

Describe characteristics of eosinophils

A
  1. Have granules that are non acidic (red staining) and can be stained by basic dye/
  2. play an important role in protecting against parasitic infections.
  3. Form 1-3 % of population
  4. bilobed nuclei
  5. lessen the severity of allergies by phagocytozing immune complexes
34
Q

Describe ch’s of basophils

A
  1. Account for 0-1% of WBC
  2. Have U/S shaped nuclei
  3. similar to mast cells
  4. Have large, purplish black (basophilic) granules that contain histamine
    5.
35
Q

What is histamine. Which cells release histamine?

A

inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBC’s

-mast cells

36
Q

What are characteristics of agranulocytes

A
  1. lack visible cytoplasmic granules

2. have spherical (lymphocytes) or kidney shaped (monocytes) nuclei.

37
Q

_____account for 4-6% of leukocytes. They are the largest leukocytes. They have purple stainng, U or kidney shaped nuclei and lack _____ They leave the _____, enter tissue, and differentiate into _____.

A

Monocytes; cytoplasmic granules; circulation; macrophages

38
Q

myeloid cell –> monoblast –>promonocyte –> ______

A

monocyte

39
Q

Monocytes live for one day in circulation, whereas, the macrophages have a _____life and function as scavengers phagocytosing and clearing dead cell debris.

A

longer

40
Q

_____ induce pluripotent stem cells to form monocyte

A

M-CSF

41
Q

what has a large, dark purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm and accounts for 25-35% of WBC

A

lymphocytes

42
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

43
Q

what do B cells give rise to? what about T cells

A

plasma cells which produce antibodies. T cells produce cytokines that activate the immune system

44
Q

Thymocytes and pro B cells lack ____ receptors. Thymocytes go to thymus where they screen and acquire T cell receptor ___ molecule and one of either CD4 or CD8. Pro- B cells undergo differentiation in bone marrow where they acquire ___ cell receptor or ____

A

antigen; CD3; B; IgD

45
Q

____ induce lymphocyte formation from pluripotent stem cells.

A

IL-7

46
Q

Leukopoiesis is hormonally stimulated by two families of cytokines:

A
  1. interleukins

2. colony stimulating factors (CSFs)

47
Q

what are the most important sources of cytokines

A
  1. macrophages

2. T cells

48
Q

What is the life span of WBC

A
  1. short compared to RBC
  2. replaced by new cells from bone marrow
  3. blood cells undergo apoptosis in contrast to necrosis which is associated with inflammation
49
Q

describe apoptosis of WBC

A
  1. undergo changes in their morphology such as cell shrinking, membrane blebbing, condensation of the chromatin foll by break down of DNA to fragments of 180 bp.
  2. Cells get broken down to apoptotic bodies which are then phagocytosed and cleared by macrophages.
50
Q

How is apoptosis of WBC initiated

A
  1. cell surface markers such as p53, FasL and other enzymes like caspases.
51
Q

Molecules that inhibit apoptosis include:

A

Bcl XL

IDIT (44 decks)

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