Vishy- Cells and Organs of the Immune System

Question 1

Neutrophils make up ___to 70% of the leukocyte population and are responsible for ___ infection. They contain primary/azurophilic and secondary granules. Primary granules contain ____, ___ and _____. Secondary granules consist of _____

Answer 1

50; acute; myeloperoxidase; lysozymes and alpha defensins; lactoferrin

Question 2

____ enzyme catalysis the formation of hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen which both have potent microbicidal effects

Answer 2

Myeolperoxidase

Question 3

____ are cationic proteins that attach to the cell wall of microbes and induce lysis

Answer 3

Defensins

Question 4

what degrades peptidoglycan (gram +)

Answer 4

lysozymes

Question 5

Neutrophils only contribute to ____immunity bc they have short life and poorly express MHC class II molecules on their cell surface, thereby not presenting antigens to T cells to initiate adaptive immunity

Answer 5

innate

Question 6

whenever you see pus formation this means neutrophils release ___

Answer 6

myeloperixase which is green in color.

Question 7

___have bilobed nuclei and contribute to ____infection and contain ___ granules in cytoplasm

Answer 7

Eusoniphils; parasitic; basic

Question 8

What are the major basic proteins of eosinophils

Answer 8

1. Major basic protein (MBP)
2. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)
3. Esoinophilic derived neurotoxin (EDN)
4. eosinophil peroxidases (EPO)

Question 9

Basophils have ___granules. They play an impt role in ____reactions. They present less than 1% of the total WBC and are involved in Type ___hypersensitivity responses ____cells are differentiated cells that resemble basophils. Both of these cells have receptors for ___ which bind to allergens. During secondary exposture to allergans they can directly bind to IgE molecules of mast cells to trigger signaling which mast cells would rupture and release ____ which mediate allergic reactions

Answer 9

acidic; allergic; 1; mast IgE; histamine

Question 10

Monocytes are derived from monoblast precursor which belongs to the ____lineage and form 4-6% of population with a life span of 2 days. . They provide first line of defense agains intracellular ______and are precursors of macrophages. ____cells are macrophages of the liver. _____cells are macrophages of the kidney

Answer 10

myeloid; pathogens; kupffer; mesangial

Question 11

Monocytes and macrophages express ____ on their cell surface

Answer 11

CD14

Question 12

What are differences between monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 12

1. Macrophages are differentiated.
2. Monocytes are present in circulation, macrophgaes present in tissuee.
3. Macrophages live longer and their ability to kill things are greater
4. Macrophages have more cytoplasmic organelles and more extensions like dendrites.
5. Macrophages kill organisms by different pathways
6. Macrophages do not produce hypochlorous acid and singlet oxygen bc they lack myeloperoxidase and alpha defensins

Question 13

Even DC’s express ____on their cell surface

Answer 13

CD14

Question 14

What are the different pathways that monocytes/macrophages can kill microorganisms

Answer 14

1. generation of reactive O intermediates
2. reactive nitrogen intermediates
3. fusion of phagosomes containing bacteria with lysosomes.
4. Antimicrobial peptides

Question 15

Dendritic cells can phagocytose as well as _____ and are considered as the most efficient ___ presenting cells. Conjugate antigenic peptides to MHC 1 or MHC II molecules to T cells.

Answer 15

pinocytose; antigen

Question 16

CD4 T cells recognizeantigenic peptides displayed on cell surface of DC’s in conjunction with MHC Class II molecules, whereas CD8 T cells recognize antigenic peptides on cell surface of DC’s in conjunction with MHC Class

Answer 16

I

Question 17

CD4 T cells and CD8 T cell recognition occurs in two diff compartments within the cell. If protein antigen is _____, virus releases proteins which is targeted into _____ compartment which gets broken down into simple antigenic peptides. ____ protein conjugates/transport broken antigenic peptide present in proteosomal compartment to ___ ___which then the antigenic peptides get conjugated with MHC Class ___molecules and the entire complex gets presented on cell surface of DC’s for ___ recognition

Answer 17

intracellular; proteosomal; TAP; rough ER; I; CD8

Question 18

If protein antigen is _____, protein gets ingested by DC’s, and goes through ____compartment which gets broken down to antigenic peptides which get conjugated to MHC class ____ molecules which get presented to CD4 T cell recognition

Answer 18

extracellular; endosomal; II

Question 19

____are not phagocytic and recognize abnormal cells by detecting down regulation of ____ ____molecules. They do not express CD3, C4, or CD8. THey express ____receptors and killer inhibitory receptors on their cell surface: _____and produce ___ and granulysin that can kill the target cells. ___ molecules also release these antimicorobial peptides

Answer 19

natural killer cells; MHC class I; activating (KAR); (KIR); perforin; CD8

Question 20

T cells are also known as helper T cells and have ___ molecules as well as CD4 and CD8 T cells. CD4 T cells are called hlper T cells bec they produce ____ such as ____that can enhance macrophages functions to control intracellular pathogens. They also produce IL-4 and IL-5 that activate B cells to prod diff classes of antibodies in response to protein antigens. CD8 T cells are also called ____ T cells bc they produce perforin and granulysin. They also produce ____ which can induce apoptosis of target cells/host cell.

Answer 20

CD3; IFN-gamma; cytotoxic; granzymes

Question 21

What are characteristics of T helper 1 cells

Answer 21

1. Aid in cellular immunity

2. secretion of IL-2 and IFN -gamma

Question 22

What are characteristics of T helper 2 cells

Answer 22

1. Aid B cells to produce certain classes of antibody
2. Characterized by secretion of
   - IL-4: B cell growth factor
   - IL-5: B cell diff factor
   - IL-10: immunosuppresant effects

Question 23

CD8 T cells signal apoptosis via ___ on the target cell surface and Fas ligand on the CTL surface

Answer 23

Fas

Question 24

____ cells produce antibodies and express ___ on their cell surface which is a B cell receptor.
___ cells are descendants of B cells and dont have B cell receptor and live for a month. They have ___ shaped nucleus. They serve as a factory to produce antibodies and then dies after.

Answer 24

B; IgM; plasma; star

Question 25

B cells respond to two different types of antigens:

Answer 25

1. T cell independent antigen: Non protein antigens; They dont require processing –> LPS (gram -): binding of LPS or other non protein antigens to IgD on B cell surface will directly activate B cells to produce IgM.
2. T cell dependent antigen: Protein antigen; gets processed by DC’s and gets presented with MHC class 1 or class 2. Those recognized by CD4 T cells will produce B cell growth factor and stimulating factor, IL-4 and IL-5 to produce antibodies that belong to any class, which is called class switching

Question 26

Secreted ____is a pentamer. IgD is a ____ form of IgM and is a B cell receptor

Answer 26

IgM; monomeric

Question 27

What are primary lymphoid organs

Answer 27

1. thymus

2. bone marrow

Question 28

Thymocytes go to cortex and lack T cell receptor, CD3, 4 and 8 and acquires development here and acquires these things. It goes through ____ and ____ selection

Answer 28

positive; negative

Question 29

What is positive selection? Where does it happen?

Answer 29

Cells that can’t recognize MHC class I and class II molecules are eliminated by apoptosis. This happens in cortex. The cells that pass the screening Will lose either CD4 or CD8 to become a single positive cell and then they go to medulla of thymus.

Question 30

What is negative selection? Where does it happen?

Answer 30

Epithelial cells that express all the antigens in the cell body (self antigens). These thymocytes that react with the self antigens are eliminated by apoptosis bc we dont want T cells to self react with our own antigens. This happens in the medulla.

Question 31

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 31

1. spleen
2. lymph nodes
3. payers patches
4. tonsils

Question 32

____is where T cells and B cells arrive. Antigenic materials are trapped here and provided to these cells for recognition. It has blood and lymphatic supply. They come into contact with microbial antigens. Spleen has red and white pulp. ___pulp has lymphocyte accumulation. Red pulp has _____

Answer 32

Spleen; white; arterioles

Question 33

___nodes have meshlike structures formed by DC and macrophages that aid in filtering antigens from lymph and is made of cortex and medulla. The outer superficial ___is made of B cells that form follicles and is called the T cell ____area. The center of follicle contain B cells that proliferate in response to the antigenic stimulus and is called ____ center

Answer 33

Lymph; cortex; independent; germinal

Question 34

____ lymphocytes are present in the deep cortex. After undergoing further development, T cells and B cells exit lymph nodes through the medulla.

Answer 34

T

Question 35

Aggregates of cells in the lamina propria of mucosa, gut, and bronchus is also known As:

Answer 35

MALT, GALT, BALT

Question 36

Costimulatory molecules binding requires binding of ____molecules exp on cell surface of T cells which bind B7-1 or B7-2. _____ needed for migration on DC’s should bind to leukocyte function associated (LFA) antigen on the cell surface of T cells to induce T cell activation and response

Answer 36

CD28; ICAM

Question 37

___molecules are expressed on cell surface of B cells in secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 37

CD40

Question 38

____, macrophages, and _____ participate in ____defense against pathogens

Answer 38

monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils