Thrush - Cytokines

Question 1

Cytokines are important mediators of cell- cell communication and generally act locally in a ____ and ____ fashion, not so much endocrine except for IL-6.

Answer 1

autocrine; paracrine

Question 2

IL-12 produces a _____response which stimulates inflammation and cytotoxicity

Answer 2

Th1

Question 3

Th2 response stimulates B cell proliferation and _____ secretion

Answer 3

Ab

Question 4

_____ are cytokines that are produced by lymphocytes and stimulate ____ , IL-4, etc

Answer 4

lymphokines; IL-2

Question 5

_____ are cytokines produced by monocytes/macrophages and stimulate IL-1, IL-6 and ____alpha

Answer 5

monokines; TNF-alpha

Question 6

____ are cytokines produced by WBCs and act on WBC and stimulate IL-1-IL-37

Answer 6

interleukins

Question 7

_____ are low molecular weight molecules important in the inflammatory response; chemotaxis and stimulates IL-8, rantes, etc

Answer 7

chemokines

Question 8

A cytokine can be ____ which means it could have different biological effects on different target cells

Answer 8

pleiotrophic

Question 9

What is an ex of a pleitrophic cytokine? Explain why

Answer 9

IL-4; IL-4 is an important Th2 type cytokine which helps B cells proliferate. IL-4 also plays an important role in early dev T cells and their proliferation. IL-4 can also produce IgE which plays a role in mast cells which play an important role in allergic response

Question 10

cytokines can also be ____ which means multiple different cytokines will have similar activity.

Answer 10

redundant

Question 11

Cytokines can be ____ which means that they work together

Answer 11

syngergistic; IL4 and IL-5 causing a class switch to IgE

Question 12

Cytokines can be ____which means they work against each other. what is an ex of this

Answer 12

antagonistic; IFN-gamma has a negative impact on B cell bc it inhibits Th2 cells by blocking the activity of a Th2 cells

Question 13

____inhibits macrophage production of ____, thus inhibiting Th1 cells

Answer 13

IL-10; IL-12

Question 14

Th1 cells are most important for _____ and Th2 are most important in humoral immunity.

Answer 14

CMI

Question 15

____ produced by the APC, is an extremely important cytokine that drives the Th0 to a Th1.

Answer 15

IL-12

Question 16

The determination of which cytokines to produce is controlled by the ____ cascade and transcription factors that are produced within the Th cells. In the case of the T1 lineage they produce stat ___ and T-bet, whereas, the Th2 lineage produces ____ and GATA-3

Answer 16

signaling; 1; 6

Question 17

The Th ___ response is better for patients who have leprosy and will survive the infection bc it shows the tuberuloid form. Ind who mount the Th2 response develop ____ leprosy and the outcome is fatal.

Answer 17

1; lepromatous

Question 18

The Th____ response would be best in a patient infected with HIV

Answer 18

1`

Question 19

cytotoxicity, inflammation, and cell mediated immunity is due to the presence of which cytokines?

Answer 19

IL-2 and IFN-gamma

Question 20

what are the major cytokines produced by th2?

Answer 20

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10

Question 21

In the presence of ____, the Th0 cell will go down lineage of Th2 to have B cell proliferation

Answer 21

IL-4

Question 22

Th1 response if generally for an ____ viral infection. Th2 response is for ____ infection.

Answer 22

intracellular; extracellular

Question 23

IL-12 promotes Th1, ____ sends a negative signal to the Th2 line and inhibits Th2 production of cells. IL-4 promotes Th2, ____ inhibits production of IL-12 and blocks the Th1 pathway

Answer 23

IFN-gamma; IL-10

Question 24

the cytokine _____ determines whether or not the cell can respond to a certain cytokine. they have a short half life and act locally bc they are so potent. Cytokines have two chains, the cytokine ____ unit acts with the cytokine and the other chain is called the _____ transducing unit

Answer 24

receptor; specific; signal;

Question 25

while looking at the IL-2 receptor family, a similarity that is seen is the presence of a common ____ chain which is the signaling chain. The IL2 receptor is comprised of three chains. _____ is also known as CD25 and the combination of all three chains allow the IL-2R to be a high affinity receptor and able to interact with IL-2 tightly. Loss of gamma chain can be deleterious and lead to _____. Without the signaling domain, nothing will happen once the cytokine binds to the cytokine specific chain

Answer 25

gamma; IL-2Ralpha; SCID

Question 26

what are some cytokine related diseases

Answer 26

1. bacterial septic shock: when gram - bacteria release LPS which creates a strong inflammatory response resulting in shock.
2. toxic shock diseases: superantigens trick T cell into thinking it saw its Ag.
3. lymphoid and myeloid cancers: causes overproduction of IL-2

Question 27

what are the pro inflammatory cytokines

Answer 27

1. IL-1

2. TNF-alpha

Question 28

what are therapeutic uses of cytokines

Answer 28

1. graft survival: Ab block ability of IL-2 to bind to its receptor which means T cells can’t get activated.
2. lymphokine activated killer cells: NK that are activated with IL-2 after taken out of body.
3. tumor infiltrating lymphocytes: take them out of pt and mix them with cytokines and put back in.
4. direct administration of cytokines: IL-2 for tumor therapy