Parsa - Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cellular components that are most frequently damaged by injurious stimuli?

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. cell membranes
  3. the machinery of protein synthesis and packaging
  4. DNA in nuclei
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2
Q

What are the components that contribute to thrombosis

A
  1. sub endothelial collagen
  2. platelets
  3. coagulation system
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3
Q

what is endothelial injury due to

A

hypercholesterolemia or

  1. inflammation bc if exposure of sub endothelial collagen
  2. platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury to form a primary platelet plug
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4
Q

what are the lab findings of endothelial injury

A
  1. inflammation: c -reactive protein
  2. infection: sepsis
  3. massive tissue destruction:
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5
Q

what does platelet adhesion and aggregation depend on

A
  1. von wildebrand factor that functions as an adhesion bridge between sub endothelial collagen and the glycoprotein lb platelet receptor
  2. fibrinogen bridging Gplb-illa receptors on diff platelets accomplishing aggregation.
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6
Q

What is the clinical assessment of platelets

A
  1. spontaneous mucosal bleeding.

2. petechiae and ecchymoses

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7
Q

how is clotting initiated in the lab via the intrinsic way?

A
  1. adding phospholipids, calcium, and either a negative charged substance such as glass beads
    * factor 12
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8
Q

how is clotting initiated in the lab via the extrinsic pathway

A

via tissue factor, a membrane bound glycoprotein that is expressed by sub endothelial cells. Activates factor VII

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9
Q

how is clotting initiated in the lab via the extrinsic pathway

A

via tissue factor, a membrane bound glycoprotein that is expressed by sub endothelial cells.

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10
Q

Which assay assesses the function of the protein in the extrinsic pathway

A

PT (Prothrombin time) *factor 7

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11
Q

Which assay assesses the function of the protein in the extrinsic pathway

A

PT (Prothrombin time)

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12
Q

Among the coagulation factor which is the most important?

A

thrombin

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13
Q

Among the coagulation factor which is the most important?

A

thromin

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14
Q

What are the lab and clinical assessment for the the coagulation system

A
  1. severe liver disease inteferes with production of fibrinogen factors: 2, 5, 7-11
  2. patients on anticoagulant hterapy
  3. patients with vitamin K deficiency
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15
Q

What are factor deficiencies for the coagulation system

A
  1. hemophilia A: factor 7 deficiency

2. Hemophilia B: factor 9 deficiency

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16
Q

What are the two types of gaining hypercoagulability

A
  1. primary (genetic)

2. secondary (acquired)

17
Q

Point mutaiton in Factor ____ is in people who have genetic hyper coagulability. Also the G20210A mutation increases _____ levels.

A

V; Leiden. ; prothrombin

18
Q

what are secondary hyper coagulability states

A
  1. Prolonged bedrest/immbolization
  2. Myocardial infarction
  3. atrial fibrillation
  4. tissue injury
  5. cancer
  6. DIC
  7. heparin induced thrombocytopenia
  8. antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
  9. SCA, smoking, contraceptives
19
Q

how do we prevent thrombosis?

A

aspirin

20
Q

what are the substances in the endothelium that inhibit platelet aggregation

A
  1. PGI2 (prostaglandin)
  2. NO (nitric oxide)
  3. ADP
  4. vasodilation
21
Q

what dose aspirin block

A

thromboxane A2

22
Q

what is the principle anticoagulant that regulates protein responsible for inactivating some of the clotting proteins

A

antithrombin III

23
Q

When antithrombin III binds to _____ it becomes 1000 fold more effective as an inhibitor of thrombin

A

heparin

24
Q

what does HIT stand for

A

heparin induced thrombocytopenia

25
Q

The most devastating side effect of heparin is its ability to form a complex with ____ that can generate formation of heparin/PF4 antibodies. in some pts, IgG Ab can bind to the Fc receptor on the platelets which leads to activation, aggregation and consumption of platelets and thrombus formation.

A

PF4 (platelet factor 4)

26
Q

warfarin acts by antagonizing Vitamin ____

A

K

27
Q

if there is excessive thrombin formation, we give ____ and urokinase which are plasminogen activators that promote breakdown of thrombin once its formed

A

streptokinase

28
Q

what does DIC stand for

A
  1. Disseminated Intravascular coagulation
29
Q

what is DIC

A

when patients develop numerous micro thrombi throughout their circulation and get excessive bleeding.

30
Q

what are two major mechanisms that activate DIC

A
  1. release of thermoplastic substances into the circulation

2. widespread injury to endothelial cells (sepsis)

31
Q

the major mechanisms that trigger DIC by release of thermoplastic substances include:

A
  1. endotoxin in gram - sepsis
  2. obstetric complications
  3. malignant tumors
  4. traumatized or necrotic tissue
32
Q

the major mechanisms that trigger DIC by widespread injury to endothelial cells include

A
  1. endotoxin in gram - sepsis
  2. Ag/Ab complexes
  3. Temperature extremes
33
Q

what does embolism refer to

A

impaction of blood vessel by an embolus which becomes lodged within a vessel and prevents further blood flow past this point

34
Q

what is an embolus

A

a detached Intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its origin.

35
Q

What are the different types of emboli

A
  1. Thromboemboli
  2. paradoxical emboli
  3. fat emboli
  4. atheroma emboli
  5. amniotic fluid emboli
  6. gas emboli