Thrush - Hypersensitivity

Question 1

What are the four major types of hypersensitivity rxns

Answer 1

1. Type I: immediate type; allergy
2. Type II: cytotoxic; RH mismatch
3. Type III: IC; serum sickness; Ag.Ab complexes; lupus
4. Type IV: delayed type; TB skin test; Tdth

Question 2

Type 1 hypersensitivity deals with the ____ response. The process begins when an ind is exposed to an allergan and in the memory response, switches to _____ production. This then binds to mast cells and basophils via an _____on the surface of those cells. Once a person is exposed to the same allergen again, the allergen can bind and crosslink the IgE on the surface of the mast/basophil cell and cause cells to _____, thus releasing the chemical mediators of the allergic response.

Answer 2

allergic; IgE; FceR; degranulate

Question 3

Why do some people become allergic to a particular allergen and other people dont

Answer 3

1. genetics

2. type of Th cell response

Question 4

____ is a an important early mediator of the allergic response and is always ready to be released upon cross linking of IgE on cell surface

Answer 4

Histamine

Question 5

_____ is a protease that is used to determine if an ind has had an allergic reaction. The beta form is associated with ____ degranulation. Normal beta tryptase is 5ng,mL

Answer 5

tryptase; mast

Question 6

After release of histamine and other preformed chemicals, the mast cell/basophil starts production of other chemical mediators including the ____ and the prostaglandins. Collectively they are called the _____. they do the same thing as histamines but they are much more potent

Answer 6

leukotrienes; SRS-A (slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis)

Question 7

exposure to allergen and production of IgE refers to which phase of type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 7

sensitization

Question 8

IgE binding to allergan and cross linking of IgE in degranulation of the mast cell is which phase of type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 8

effector

Question 9

What does IgE production depend on?

Answer 9

1. Genetics: more production of Th2 vs Th1
2. atopic individual: more prone to allergy
3. Relative dose of allergen: effects production of IgG or IgE

Question 10

symptoms of allergy are dependent on ____ of allergen exposure. Localized (atopy) anaphalaxis causes ____(itchy) and ____(hives)

Answer 10

site; pruritis; urticaria

Question 11

What are ex of localized anaphylaxis

Answer 11

1. allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
2. asthma (atopic asthma)
3. atopic dermatitis (eczema)
4. food allergies

Question 12

The “wheal and flare” is a skin allergy reaction with an itchy red raised lesion seen where the mast cells _____.

Answer 12

degranulate

Question 13

What are some immunological basis for the treatment of allergies

Answer 13

1. anti histamine: block the binding of histamine to target cells
2. desensitization: stimulate immune system to produce IgG
3. anti IgE therapy: remove IgE Ab; prevents binding to FCeR

Question 14

Diagnosis of allergies is centered around a skin test for atopic allergens and ______ for detecting specific IgE against a particular allergen.

Answer 14

radioimmunoassays

Question 15

Type II hypersensitivity deals with ____ mediated cytotoxicity. complement is activated and leads to cell lysis. This is seen in ____ reactions. cross matching blood detects presence of Ab in donor and/or recipient sera

Answer 15

Ab.

Question 16

Treating Rh- mothers who have Rh + babies with ____ can help prevent the formation of the anti Rh antibodies

Answer 16

RhoGAM

Question 17

____ is a universal acceptor b/c it doesn’t produce any Ab’s Type ____ is a universal donor bc it doesn’t have any antigens in it for the receiving blood to attack

Answer 17

AB; O

Question 18

_____ is when maternal IgG cross placenta and bind to fetal RBCs. You get complement activation and destruction of fetal blood cells.

Answer 18

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Question 19

During Type III hypersensivitiy; Ag/Ab complexes form, C; activation and recruitment of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) to the location where the Ag/Ab complexes are found which then results in inflammation and destruction of the cells in the area. This damage most often occurs within the blood vessel ____ cells.

Answer 19

endothelial

Question 20

Type III hypersensitivity can be _____ (arthus rxn) due to insect bites or generalized, where the IC can form almost anywhere in the body at one site. But most often the conc. occurs in the blood vessels of the kidney

Answer 20

localized

Question 21

The most famous type of type III hypersensitivity is _____ ____, where if a person gets rash, arthritis, edema upon SECOND injection because the body has made antibodies against the horse so the Ag/Ag complexes will clump together and cause serious inflammation

Answer 21

serum sickness

Question 22

Immune complexes contribute to:

Answer 22

1. SLE (lupus)

2. rheumatoid arthritis

Question 23

_____ is inflammation and damage of the blood vessels because of IC formation and type _____ hypersensitivity

Answer 23

Vasculitis; III

Question 24

What are some pathological conditions associated with vasculitis

Answer 24

1. serum sickness

2. hepatitis B infection

Question 25

Type IV hypersensitivity is an inflammatory reaction due to the production of ____ type cytokines. The DTH response is important in the defense against intracellular microbes, including bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and viruses. It can also be stimulated from chemicals produced by ____ ___ .

Answer 25

Th1; poison ivy

Question 26

____ can be used to monitor immune status of AIDS patients; use previously exposed Ags and inject under skin and look at response

Answer 26

DTH