Thrush - cell mediated effectors

Question 1

How does destruction of microbe occur?

Answer 1

1. opsinization through phagocytic cells
2. Ab can cause neutralization of the microbe/activation of the complement cascade
3. Cytotoxic activity via cytoxtoc t lymphocytes and NK cells.

Question 2

what are the CD4+ T effector cells

Answer 2

1. Tdth: produce cytokines to stimulate an inflammatory response
2. Tregs: regulatory/suppressive T cells; autoimmunitu
3. Th17: inflammation/autoimmunity
4. Th9: promotes survival of T regs
5. Th22: helps control commensal bacteria, anti inflammatory

Question 3

What are the CD8 effector T cells

Answer 3

1. Tc: cytotoxic cells that produce cytokine that kill target cells.

Question 4

What are effector cells of the B cells? What about the T cells?

Answer 4

B cell: plasma cell

T cell: CTL, Th1, and Th2

Question 5

what are the adhesion molecules that help hold the T cell to the APC?

Answer 5

CD2: LFA-3

LFA-1: ICAMS

Question 6

_____ expression interacts with TCR and co receptors and when its expressed its a marker for an activated or effector T cell/memory T cells.

Answer 6

CD45RO

Question 7

____ are expressed in naive T cells don’t interact with TCR/ co receptors as well, therefore need CD28: B7

Answer 7

CD45RA

Question 8

what are CTL (cytotoxic T cells) important in eliminating?

Answer 8

1. virally infected cells
2. tumor cells
3. foreign graft tissue

Question 9

What are the 3 signals that CTLs need

Answer 9

1. TCR: Ag/MHC class I
2. CD28: B7
3. IL-2R interaction with IL-2 (from Th1)

Question 10

CTLS are are CD8+ T cells and are associated with MHC class ____

Answer 10

I

Question 11

what are the effector molecules that CTLS produce

Answer 11

1. perforins: poke holes in target cell
2. granzymes: induce apoptosis within target cell
3. Fas ligand: bindsto Fas and induces apoptosis

Question 12

NK cells recognize altered self cells and their recognition is NOT through an ____ specific manner. But like CTLs NK can produce performs and granzymes to help destroy the infected cell

Answer 12

antigen

Question 13

____ cells can act quicker and are one of the first effector cells to recognize virally infected cells until CTLs are recruited and activated.

Answer 13

NK

Question 14

How do NK cells recognize their target?

Answer 14

They recognize altered self cells: virally infected or tumor cells.

Question 15

What are two types of receptors that NK cells have

Answer 15

1. KAR: activation receptors: via cytokine binding and surface receptors on target cell
2. KIR: inhibition receptors; depending which receptors are recognized, determine NK cell activation or inhibition

Question 16

what do KARs detect?

Answer 16

stress related molecules: MICA and MICB

Question 17

what do KIRs detect

Answer 17

MHC class I molecules on nucleated cells in the body

Question 18

____ are a hybrid of T and NK cells. They have TCRs but its _____. TCR recognizes lipids presented with ______. They don’t have memory cell formation, therefore not a truly antigen specific recognition. They recognize their antigen in association with a non classical MHC molecule like CD1. They produce IFN-gamma and IL-4 to stimulate Th1 and Th2. As with NK cells they are part of our ____ immunity.

Answer 18

NKT; invariant; CD1d; innate

Question 19

The only difference between NKT and NK is how they recognize the altered self cell. ____ using limited T cell receptor associated with CD3 molecules for activation, and _____ cells use KIR OR KAR

Answer 19

NKT; NK

Question 20

In antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) an ____ serves the specificity to deliver Ag non specific cells to the target cell and the ____ regions of the Ab brings an effector cell, via binding of Fc receptor on the cytotoxic effector cell to the Fc region of the Ab. Once it brought in close, the cytotoxic cell releases factors that can result in death of the target cell.

Answer 20

Ab; Fc

Question 21

what are cells that express Fc receptors?

Answer 21

1. NK cells
2. neutrophils
3. esoinophils
4. macrophages