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IDIT > Parsa - Hemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

Parsa - Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Edema is an accumulation of fluid (interstitial tissue space) in body cavities:

A
  1. Hydrothorax: pleueral effusion
  2. Hydroperitoneum: Ascites
  3. Hydropericardium: pericardial effusion
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2
Q

Excess fluid accumulates when

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure is increased
  2. osmotic prssure is decreased
  3. lymphatics are blocked
  4. inc. vascular permeability associated with inflammation
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3
Q

Localized edema is due to inc. in vascular permeablity:

A
  1. inflammation
  2. allergic reaction
  3. venous obstruction
  4. lymphatic obstruction
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4
Q

Systemic edema is cause by increased retention of total body ____ and water

A

sodium

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5
Q

refers to edema all over the body

A

anasarca

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6
Q

In transudate edema there is ____ change in vascular permeability. It contans little ____ and has a low specific gravity

A

no; protein

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7
Q

_____ fluid has increased protein and specific gravity is usually greater than 1.

A

exudate

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8
Q

Hyperemia occurs as a result of ____ vasodilation and leads to increased blood flow (inflammation). They will be redder and warmer than normal. In congestion, inc. blood volume occurs as a passive process due to impaired ____ outflow of a tissue. Tissues will appear blue

A

arterial; venous

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9
Q

What happens in left sided heart failure

A

can’t pump out oxygenated blood properly and backs up blood and incerases hydrostatic venous pressure in LUNG which results in pulmonary edema.

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10
Q

what happens in right sided failure

A

pooling of blood on to venous side of circulation; affects central vein and become deoxygenated. All of the areas surrounding central vein become congested.

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11
Q

what is a hemorrahage

A

results from escape of RBCs across intact vessels or from vascular rupture

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12
Q

A hemorrhage can be intact and can occur from a vessel or can be external. An intact hemorrage results from:

A
  1. congestion
  2. inc hydrostatic pressure
  3. bleeding disorders
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13
Q

A vascular rupture results from

A
  1. trauma
  2. atherosclerosis
  3. congenital aneurysms
  4. inflammatory conditions
  5. erosion by a mass
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14
Q

What is petechiae

A

minute 1 -2 mm hemorhages into skin, mucous membranes or serosal surfaces and are associated with locally inc. intravascular pressure, low platelet counts, or defective platelet function

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15
Q

purpura is hemorrhages that are greater than ___ mm

A

3

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16
Q

____ refers to 1-2 cm subcutaneous hematomas (bruise)

A

ecchymosis

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17
Q

what is hemostasis

A

arrest of blood flow; patients who are bed ridden; usually a precursor to thrombosis.

18
Q

what is thrombosis

A

pathological counterpart of hemostasis

19
Q

what are 3 components of hemostasis

A
  1. subendothelial collagen
  2. platelets
  3. coagulation system
20
Q

Exposure to ___ collagen leads to platelet binding and activation

A

subendothelial; platelets adhere and aggregate at the site of injury to form a primary platelet plug and start the coagulation cascade

21
Q

____ counterbalances response to the definitive platelet plug. Once clot is formed plasmin is crucial to its disruption and healing of plug. ___ don’t allow procoagulants to be activated too much

A

fibrinolysis; Anticoagulants

22
Q

____ is the clot forming pathway. ____ is the clot lysing pathway. ____ is the regulation pathway

A

coagulation; fibronylysis; anticoagulation

23
Q

Anticoagulation inhibit_____

A

thrombosis

24
Q

What favors thrombosis

A
  1. endothelial injury –>vWF–> platelet binding
  2. Endothelial cells synthesize tissue factor
  3. Catalytic activation of coagulation factors
25
Q

What is anticoagulation mediated by

A
  1. heparin like molecules
  2. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
  3. Thrombomodulin
26
Q

Thrombosis occurs as a result of dysregulation of Pro and anti ____mechanisms

A

coagulation

27
Q

what is thrombus

A

solid mass formed by both the platelets and coagulation mechanisms

28
Q

blood clot = _____only!

A

coagulation

29
Q

What are the ways a blood clot develops

A
  1. When blood collects in extravascular areas after being spilled from injured vessels. (hematoma)
  2. in vitro
  3. vessels after death
30
Q

postmortem blood clot resembles currant ____ and chicken ____

A

jelly; fat

31
Q

What are the factors that promote thrombus

A
  1. Endothelilal injury
  2. Abnormal blood flow
  3. Hypercoagulability
32
Q

Describle laminar blood flow vs turbulent blood flow

A

Laminar blood flow: platelets and cells flow in the center of the vessel, while plasma flows along the vessel periphery. Turbulent blood flow increases the chances of contact between platelets and vessel wall.

33
Q

Hypercoagulability can arise from:

A
  1. Genetics
  2. neoplasms
  3. pregnancy
  4. surgery
34
Q

What are types of thrombosis

A
  1. arterial
  2. cardiac
  3. venous
35
Q

Arterial thrombosis occurs as a result of atherosclerosis which is due to:

A
  1. Endothelial damage

2. turbulent blood flow

36
Q

Where are the most common sites of arterial thrombosis

A
  1. coronary arteries
  2. cerebral arteries
  3. femoral arteries
37
Q

Arterial thrombi tend to grow in a ____ direction from their point of attachment

A

retrograde

38
Q

What are lines of Zahn

A

red layers in heart containing RBCs trapped by the fibrin

39
Q

What are the two types of venous thrombosis

A
  1. Superficial venous thrombosis

2. Deep venous Thrombosis aka phlebothrombosis; is prone to embolism! Seen in lower extremities

40
Q

what is recanalization

A

some of the budding capillary channels may anastomose to form a patent lumen that traverses the length of the thrombus and thus re establish blood flow in the vessel. While it dosent prevent acute effects of thrombosis, it may slightly improve tissue perfusion over the long term.

IDIT (44 decks)

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