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Physiology > Viruses minus Basic > Flashcards

Viruses minus Basic Flashcards

1
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

features / diseases

A

herpes labialis - waist up
eicosahedrical core
cold sores, corneal ulcers, encephalitis, neonatal herpes

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2
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

pathogenesis

A 
lytic in epithelial cells
vesicular rash (lips and nose)
lysogenic in trigeminal ganglia
herpatic neuritis
herpes whitlow
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3
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

epidemiology

A

80% americans, 40% recurrent

60% asymptomatic

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4
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

prevention

A

avoid contact with lesions

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5
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

features / diseases

A

herpes genitalis - waist down
eicosahedrical core
neonatal herpes

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6
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

pathogenesis

A 
lytic in epithelial
vesicular rash (genitals)
lysogenic in sacral ganglia
herpatic neuritis
herpes whitlow
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7
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

prevention

A

avoid contact with lesions

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8
Q

varicella - zoster

features / diseases

A

chicken pox
shingles
viremia
systemic infection

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9
Q

varicella - zoster

pathogenesis

A

same as herpes

repetitive shingles in elderly, can lead to neuritis

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10
Q

varicella - zoster

prevention / treatment

A

avoid contact with lesions

no drugs necessary if immunocompetentantivirals

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11
Q

epstein barr virus

features / diseases

A

infectious mononucleosis

lymphomas and cancer

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12
Q

epstein barr virus

pathogenesis

A

60-70% asymptomatic
sometimes symptoms for up to 1 year
increased number of lymphocytes is a sign
tonsils/spleen become enlarged, can cause strep
infects WBCs

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13
Q

cytomegalovirus

features / diseases

A

most common cause of congenital abnormalities
fever, lethargy in healthy
pneumonia, hepatitis, retinitis in immunocomp

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14
Q

cytomegalovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in epithelial cells
lysogenic in neurons and WBCs
histology- owl eye inclusion

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15
Q

cytomegalovirus

prevention

A

pregnant women without CMV stay away from kids
exposure before pregnancy does not transfer to baby
isolation of shedding individuals

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16
Q

herpes virus 8

diseases

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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17
Q

herpes virus 8

pathogenesis

A

lysogeny in neurons and WBCs

sometimes asymptomatic

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18
Q

herpes virus 8

transmission

A

increased risk if immunocomp (HIV)

5-20% incidence

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19
Q

herpes virus 8

prevention

A

avoid direct contact

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20
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

features / diseases

A

100 types of virus (30 genital, 70 skin)
papillomas: benign skin tumor, genital warts
cervical/ penis cancers

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21
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

pathogenesis

A

slow replication
hard to grow in lab
inhibits checkpoint proteins in cell cycle
HPV 16/18 inactivate tumor suppressor genes (p53, Rb), increase risk of mutations
increase in number and size of lesions increases risk of cancer
80% of cases are single small lesions

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22
Q

influenza

features / diseases

A

genome in 8 segments
hemagglutinin (16) and neuraminidase (9) in envelope
respiratory infection only
(A- most common, humans, can cause pandemic
B- limited epidemics in humans
C- mostly in animals)
seasonal flu
pandemic flu (every 20 years, killed 4% world pop in 1918)

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23
Q

influenza

pathogenesis

A

replicates in nucleus
lytic in lungs
antigenic shift: avian flu + regular flu -> new deadly virus
host immune response worse than infection

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24
Q

mumps

features / diseases

A

paramyxovirus

mumps- parotid gland swelling

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25
Q

mumps

pathogenesis

A

upper respiratory tract first
viremia
to parotid, testes/ ovaries, pancreas

26
Q

measles

features / disesases

A

single stranded RNA (negative)

paramyxovirus

27
Q

measles

pathogenesis

A

lytic in immune cells
viremia to skin
starts in upper respiratory tract
rash caused by cytotoxic T clls

28
Q

measles

epidemiology

A

30 million cases/year worldwide

causes epidemics

29
Q

rubella

features / diseases

A

single stranded RNA (positive)
togavirus
rubella and congenital rubella syndrome

30
Q

rubella

pathogenesis

A

lytic in nasopharynx and lymph nodes

spreads via blood to organs and skin

31
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

features / diseases

A 
lentivirus (retrovirus)
single stranded RNA
has GP120 and GP41 glycoproteins to regulate inflammation
= GP120 attacks CD4 cells
= CP31 attacks CCR5, CXCR4
diploid virus
HIV-1, HIV-2
32
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

pathogenesis

A 
infects WBCs, destroys helper T cells
lysogeny- hides in host chromosome
steps:
1. virus fuses, enters cell
2. reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
3. DNA becomes double stranded
4. DNA carried into nucleus by integrase (lysogeny)
5. copies make viral RNA and mRNA
6. protease breaks DNA to make proteins
7. viral assembly and budding
healthy: 120-1500 CD4 cells/ul
AIDS: 200-500 CD4 cells/ul
acute retroviral syndrome: 3 months
asymptomatic: 7-10 years, decrease 50 CD4 cells/ year
AIDS: several years until death
33
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

transmission

A

unprotected sex (receptive and anal are riskier)
other STDs increases risk
sharing needles

34
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

prevention / treatment

A

condoms

reverse transcriptase or protease inhibitors in cocktail of drugs

35
Q

rotavirus

diseases

A

most common cause of gastroenteritis in children

36
Q

rotavirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in intestinal tissue
causes lesions in intestines
diarrhea

37
Q

norovirus

diseases

A

“stomach flu”

most common viral gastroenteritis in adults

38
Q

norovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in intestinal tissue
causes lesions in intestines
diarrhea

39
Q

norovirus

transmission

A 
fecal oral (water)
cruise ships
40
Q

rhinovirus

features / disesases

A 
100+ types
in upper respiratory tract
mild resistance to detergents/ bases
susceptible to acid
common cold
41
Q

rhinovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in lungs

42
Q

rhinovirus

transmission

A

hands
can survive in environment for a few days
via fomites
americans have 3 infections / year

43
Q

rhinovirus

prevention / treatment

A

wash hands

no vaccine because too many types

44
Q

hepatitis (all types)

symptoms

A 
inflammation of liver
jaundice
hemoglobin -> bilirubin, biliverdin recycling
liver inflam -> deposit intermediates in liver -> jaundice
fever
lack of appetite
nausea
dark urine
pale feces
infection resolves in 2-4 weeks
45
Q

hepatitis A

features

A

enterovirus
denatured capsid proteins by boiling
survives weeks in environment and stomach

46
Q

hepatitis A

pathogenesis

A

infects enterocytes, also mouth and throat
spreads through blood to liver
lytic in liver
cleared by infected cells, can cause further damage
no chronic infection

47
Q

hepatitis A

transmission

A

direct or indirect contact
50% US pop exposed, 90% developing countries
low mortality

48
Q

hepatitis A

prevention / treatment

A

formaldehyde killed vaccine

travelers, children, anal-oral sex

49
Q

hepatitis B

features

A

double stranded DNA

in liver cells

50
Q

hepatitis B

pathogenesis

A 
RNA -> DNA with reverse transcriptase
DNA -> viral proteins
sometimes lysogeny with integration
DNA -> viral DNA polymerase -> DNA
lytic in liver cells
51
Q

hepatitis B

transmission

A

direct transmission only
asians more susceptible
90% infected neonate -> chronic carriers
cirrhosis: liver tissue replaced by scar tissue; or liver failure or cancer

52
Q

hepatitis B

prevention / treatment

A

virus subunits vaccine
health professionals, STDs, IV users, transfusions
treatment only for chronic carriers
alpha interferon
inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and viral DNA polymerase

53
Q

hepatitis C

features

A

single stranded RNA
hypervariable genome
in liver cells

54
Q

hepatitis C

pathologenesis

A

RNA -> DNA reverse transcriptase
hard to control replication because virus keeps changing
immune system attacks
alcoholism increases disease
75% infected become chronic carriers
10% of cases cause cancer, cirrhosis, liver failure

55
Q

hepatitis C

transmission

A

4 million americans infected

direct contact only

56
Q

hepatitis C

prevention / treatment

A

avoid blood contact (drug users)
alpha interferon
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
new drugs with 50%+ cure rate

57
Q

hepatitis D

features

A

defective virus
only infects HBV individuals
no capsid protein genome

58
Q

hepatitis D

pathogenesis

A

uses capsid of HBVincreases liver damage speed

59
Q

hepatitis E

features

A

major cause of enteric transmitted hepatitis in asia, africa, india, mexico, but rare in US (diff from HAV)
can infect pigs

60
Q

hepatitis E

pathogenesis

A

20% infected pregnant women -> fatal hepatitis (75% mortality)

61
Q

hepatitis E

transmission

A

direct and indirect contact

Physiology (16 decks)

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