Midterm 4 Flashcards
pulmonary circuit
from right side of heart to lungs back to left side of heart
systemic circuit
from left side of heart to tissues back to right side of heart
blood vessel with most smooth muscle
artery
blood vessel with most elastic tissue
artery
blood vessels without smooth muscle
Capillaries, venules
blood vessels without fibrous tissues
arterioles, capillaries
hydrostatic pressure
pressure of a fluid against the walls of its container
hydraulic pressure
blood is flowing and pushing against walls, not static
factors affecting resistance
radius of blood vessels
length of blood vessels
viscosity of blood
% blood to brain
14%
% blood to heart
4%
% blood to kidney
20%
% blood to skeletal muscle
21%
capillary filtration
fluid moves out of capillaries driven by capillary’s hydrostatic pressure; arteriole end
capillary absorption
fluid moves into capillaries driven by colloid osmotic pressure; venule end
red blood cell make up
no nucleus
no mitochondria
hemoglobin
enzymes
RBCs
5 million / 1 ul
RBC lifespan
120 days
jaundice
elevated levels of bilirubin
bilirubin
remnants of heme group from RBC
hemolytic anemia
RBCs destroyed
pernicious anemia
low vitamin B12, missing intrinsic factor in digestive tract
iron deficiency anemia
iron intake > iron loss
sickle cell anemia
genetic defect alters shape of hemoglobin
polycythemia vera
too many RBCs produced because stem cell malfunctioning, hematocrit = 60-70%
normal hematocrit
40-50%
relative polycythemia
normal RBC count, low plasma from dehydration
immune system: incorrect responses
autoimmune disease: can’t differentiate between self and foreign antigen
immune system: overactive response
allergies: immune response to non-pathogen antigens
immune system: lack of response
immunodeficiency disease: immune system fails to respond to foreign antigen / pathogen
red pulp
macrophages in lymphoid organ
white pulp
lymphocytes in lymphoid organ
eosinophils
allergic reactions
parasitic diseases
basophils
histamine
inflammation
neutrophils
ingest bacteria
release cytokines
monocytes
become macrophages
phagocytic
antigen-presenting
lymphocytes
acquired immunity
target pathogens
B-cells and T-cells
natural killers
dendritic cells
antigen-presenting
activate lymphocytes
antigen-presenting cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
phagocytic cells
macrophages
neutrophils
natural killer cells
eliminate virus-infected cells
secrete interferons
interferons
prevent viral replication
activates macrophages
opsonization
enhancement of recognition of bacteria tagged by antibodies
chemotaxins
chemicals released to help phagocytic cells find site of infection
chemotaxis
process of leukocytes following chemotaxins to their source
mast cells
produce histamine
histamine
vasodilator
bronchoconstrictor
pyrogens
fever-producing substances
complement cascade
formation of membrane attack complex
secrete chemotaxins
C-reactive protein
opsonin that activates complement cascade
indicator of heart disease
granzymes
cytotoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis
lysozome
extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria
MHC
major histocompatibility complex
involved in cell recognition
membrane attack complex
membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade
perforin
membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter cell
made by NK and cytotoxic T cells
T lymphocytes
helper T cells: generals, release signal molecules
cytotoxic T cells: killers, snipers
B lymphocytes
plasma cells -> antibodies to plasma
memory cells
produce antibodies
active immunity
system naturally/injected exposed to antigen
immune system builds response
passive immunity
transfer of antibodies from another source
MHC I
infected body cells, t cells kill
MHC II
immune cell, not replicating, t cells DON’T kill
helper T cells
stimulate B cells to replicate when they notice a new pathogen
killer T cells
kill cell, produce perforins and granzymes
