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Physiology > Midterm 4 > Flashcards

Midterm 4 Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

from right side of heart to lungs back to left side of heart

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2
Q

systemic circuit

A

from left side of heart to tissues back to right side of heart

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3
Q

blood vessel with most smooth muscle

A

artery

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4
Q

blood vessel with most elastic tissue

A

artery

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5
Q

blood vessels without smooth muscle

A

Capillaries, venules

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6
Q

blood vessels without fibrous tissues

A

arterioles, capillaries

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7
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of a fluid against the walls of its container

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8
Q

hydraulic pressure

A

blood is flowing and pushing against walls, not static

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9
Q

factors affecting resistance

A

radius of blood vessels
length of blood vessels
viscosity of blood

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10
Q

% blood to brain

A

14%

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11
Q

% blood to heart

A

4%

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12
Q

% blood to kidney

A

20%

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13
Q

% blood to skeletal muscle

A

21%

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14
Q

capillary filtration

A

fluid moves out of capillaries driven by capillary’s hydrostatic pressure; arteriole end

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15
Q

capillary absorption

A

fluid moves into capillaries driven by colloid osmotic pressure; venule end

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16
Q

red blood cell make up

A

no nucleus
no mitochondria
hemoglobin
enzymes

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17
Q

RBCs

A

5 million / 1 ul

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18
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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19
Q

jaundice

A

elevated levels of bilirubin

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20
Q

bilirubin

A

remnants of heme group from RBC

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21
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs destroyed

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22
Q

pernicious anemia

A

low vitamin B12, missing intrinsic factor in digestive tract

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23
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

iron intake > iron loss

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24
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

genetic defect alters shape of hemoglobin

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25
Q

polycythemia vera

A

too many RBCs produced because stem cell malfunctioning, hematocrit = 60-70%

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26
Q

normal hematocrit

A

40-50%

27
Q

relative polycythemia

A

normal RBC count, low plasma from dehydration

28
Q

immune system: incorrect responses

A

autoimmune disease: can’t differentiate between self and foreign antigen

29
Q

immune system: overactive response

A

allergies: immune response to non-pathogen antigens

30
Q

immune system: lack of response

A

immunodeficiency disease: immune system fails to respond to foreign antigen / pathogen

31
Q

red pulp

A

macrophages in lymphoid organ

32
Q

white pulp

A

lymphocytes in lymphoid organ

33
Q

eosinophils

A

allergic reactions

parasitic diseases

34
Q

basophils

A

histamine

inflammation

35
Q

neutrophils

A

ingest bacteria

release cytokines

36
Q

monocytes

A

become macrophages
phagocytic
antigen-presenting

37
Q

lymphocytes

A

acquired immunity
target pathogens
B-cells and T-cells
natural killers

38
Q

dendritic cells

A

antigen-presenting

activate lymphocytes

39
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A

macrophages

dendritic cells

40
Q

phagocytic cells

A

macrophages

neutrophils

41
Q

natural killer cells

A

eliminate virus-infected cells

secrete interferons

42
Q

interferons

A

prevent viral replication

activates macrophages

43
Q

opsonization

A

enhancement of recognition of bacteria tagged by antibodies

44
Q

chemotaxins

A

chemicals released to help phagocytic cells find site of infection

45
Q

chemotaxis

A

process of leukocytes following chemotaxins to their source

46
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine

47
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator

bronchoconstrictor

48
Q

pyrogens

A

fever-producing substances

49
Q

complement cascade

A

formation of membrane attack complex

secrete chemotaxins

50
Q

C-reactive protein

A

opsonin that activates complement cascade

indicator of heart disease

51
Q

granzymes

A

cytotoxic enzymes that initiate apoptosis

52
Q

lysozome

A

extracellular enzyme that attacks bacteria

53
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibility complex

involved in cell recognition

54
Q

membrane attack complex

A

membrane pore protein made in the complement cascade

55
Q

perforin

A

membrane pore protein that allows granzymes to enter cell

made by NK and cytotoxic T cells

56
Q

T lymphocytes

A

helper T cells: generals, release signal molecules

cytotoxic T cells: killers, snipers

57
Q

B lymphocytes

A

plasma cells -> antibodies to plasma
memory cells
produce antibodies

58
Q

active immunity

A

system naturally/injected exposed to antigen

immune system builds response

59
Q

passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies from another source

60
Q

MHC I

A

infected body cells, t cells kill

61
Q

MHC II

A

immune cell, not replicating, t cells DON’T kill

62
Q

helper T cells

A

stimulate B cells to replicate when they notice a new pathogen

63
Q

killer T cells

A

kill cell, produce perforins and granzymes

Physiology (16 decks)

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