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Physiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

features / diseases

A 
DNA enveloped
herpes labialis - waist up
eicosahedrical core
latent
cold sores, corneal ulcers, encephalitis, neonatal herpes
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2
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

pathogenesis

A 
lytic in epithelial cells
vesicular rash (lips and nose)
lysogenic in trigeminal ganglia
no integration
herpatic neuritis
herpes whitlow
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3
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

transmission

A

saliva
80% americans, 40% recurrent
60% asymptomatic

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4
Q

herpes simplex virus 1

prevention / treatment

A

avoid contact with lesions

antiviral

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5
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

features / diseases

A 
DNA enveloped
herpes genitalis - waist down
eicosahedrical core
latent
neonatal herpes
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6
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

pathogenesis

A 
lytic in epithelial
vesicular rash (genitals)
lysogenic in sacral ganglia
no integration
herpatic neuritis
herpes whitlow
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7
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

transmission

A

sexual contact

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8
Q

herpes simplex virus 2

prevention / treatment

A

avoid contact with lesions

antiviral

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9
Q

varicella - zoster

features / diseases

A 
DNA enveloped
latent (same as herpes)
chicken pox
shingles
viremia
systemic infection
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10
Q

varicella - zoster

pathogenesis

A

same as herpes
no integration
repetitive shingles in elderly, can lead to neuritis

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11
Q

varicella - zoster

transmission

A

respiratory droplets

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12
Q

varicella - zoster

prevention / treatment

A

live attenuated virus vaccine
avoid contact with lesions
no drugs necessary if immunocompetent
antivirals

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13
Q

epstein barr virus

features / diseases

A

DNA enveloped
acute / latent
infectious mononucleosis
lymphomas and cancer

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14
Q

epstein barr virus

pathogenesis

A

integration
60-70% asymptomatic
sometimes symptoms for up to 1 year
increased number of lymphocytes is a sign
tonsils/spleen become enlarged, can cause strep
infects WBCs

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15
Q

epstein barr virus

transmission

A

saliva

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16
Q

epstein barr virus

prevention / treatment

A

don’t share food/ kiss infected person

spontaneous recovery

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17
Q

cytomegalovirus

features / diseases

A

DNA enveloped
most common cause of congenital abnormalities
acute / latent
fever, lethargy in healthy
pneumonia, hepatitis, retinitis in immunocomp

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18
Q

cytomegalovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in epithelial cells
lysogenic in neurons and WBCs
no integration
histology- owl eye inclusion

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19
Q

cytomegalovirus

transmission

A

early- placenta
children- saliva
adults- sexual contact
80% of adults have had contact

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20
Q

cytomegalovirus

prevention / treatment

A

pregnant women without CMV stay away from kids
exposure before pregnancy does not transfer to baby
isolation of shedding individuals
antivirals (same as herpes)

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21
Q

herpes virus 8

features / diseases

A

DNA enveloped
latent
Kaposi’s sarcoma

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22
Q

herpes virus 8

pathogenesis

A

lysogeny in neurons and WBCs
integration
sometimes asymptomatic

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23
Q

herpes virus 8

transmission

A

saliva
increased risk if immunocomp (HIV)
5-20% incidence

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24
Q

herpes virus 8

prevention / treatment

A

avoid direct contact
chemotherapy
antivirals

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25
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

features / diseases

A 
DNA non-enveloped
chronic
100 types of virus (30 genital, 70 skin)
papillomas: benign skin tumor, genital warts
cervical/ penis cancers
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26
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

pathogenesis

A

slow replication
hard to grow in lab
lysogeny with integration
inhibits checkpoint proteins in cell cycle
HPV 16/18 inactivate tumor suppressor genes (p53, Rb), increase risk of mutations
increase in number and size of lesions increases risk of cancer
80% of cases are single small lesions

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27
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

transmission

A

skin to skin contact

genital contact

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28
Q

papillomavirus (HPV)

prevention / treatment

A

vaccine (3 doses)
antivirals
liquid nitrogen for lesions

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29
Q

influenza

features / diseases

A

RNA enveloped
genome in 8 segments
hemagglutinin (16) and neuraminidase (9) in envelope
acute
animals and humans
respiratory infection only
(A- most common, humans, can cause pandemic
B- limited epidemics in humans
C- mostly in animals)
seasonal flu
pandemic flu (every 20 years, killed 4% world pop in 1918)

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30
Q

influenza

pathogenesis

A

replicates in nucleus
lytic in lungs
antigenic shift: avian flu + regular flu -> new deadly virus
host immune response worse than infection

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31
Q

influenza

transmission

A

airborne droplets

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32
Q

influenza

prevention / treatment

A

vaccine (2 A, 1 B isolates)

tamiflu (some A’s resistant)

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33
Q

mumps

features / diseases

A

RNA enveloped
non-segmented genome
paramyxovirus
mumps- parotid gland swelling

34
Q

mumps

pathogenesis

A

upper respiratory tract first
viremia
to parotid, testes/ ovaries, pancreas

35
Q

mumps

transmission

A

respiratory droplets

highest spread in winter

36
Q

mumps

prevention / treatment

A

live attenuated vaccine
lifelong immunity
no treatment

37
Q

measles

features / disesases

A 
RNA enveloped
non-segmented genome
single stranded RNA (negative)
paramyxovirus
measles
38
Q

measles

pathogenesis

A

lytic in immune cells
viremia to skin
starts in upper respiratory tract
rash caused by cytotoxic T clls

39
Q

measles

transmission

A

airborne droplets
30 million cases/year worldwide
causes epidemics

40
Q

measles

prevention / treatment

A

live attenuated vaccine
lifelong immunity
no treatment

41
Q

rubella

features / diseases

A

RNA enveloped
single stranded RNA (positive)
togavirus
rubella and congenital rubella syndrome

42
Q

rubella

transmission

A

airborne droplets
transplacenta
eliminated from US

43
Q

rubella

pathogenesis

A

lytic in nasopharynx and lymph nodes

spreads via blood to organs and skin

44
Q

rubella

prevention / treatement

A

live attenuated vaccine
lifelong immunity
no treatment

45
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

features / diseases

A 
lentivirus (retrovirus)
single stranded RNA
has GP120 and GP41 glycoproteins to regulate inflammation
= GP120 attacks CD4 cells
= CP31 attacks CCR5, CXCR4
diploid virus
HIV-1, HIV-2
46
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

pathogenesis

A 
infects WBCs, destroys helper T cells
lysogeny- hides in host chromosome
integration
steps:
1. virus fuses, enters cell
2. reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
3. DNA becomes double stranded
4. DNA carried into nucleus by integrase (lysogeny)
5. copies make viral RNA and mRNA
6. protease breaks DNA to make proteins
7. viral assembly and budding
healthy: 120-1500 CD4 cells/ul
AIDS: 200-500 CD4 cells/ul
acute retroviral syndrome: 3 months
asymptomatic: 7-10 years, decrease 50 CD4 cells/ year
AIDS: several years until death
47
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

transmission

A

unprotected sex (receptive and anal are riskier)
other STDs increases risk
sharing needles
transplacental

48
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

prevention / treatment

A

condoms

reverse transcriptase or protease inhibitors in cocktail of drugs

49
Q

rotavirus

features / diseases

A

RNA non-enveloped
gastroenteritis
most common cause of gastroenteritis in children

50
Q

rotavirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in intestinal tissue
causes lesions in intestines
diarrhea

51
Q

rotavirus

transmission

A

fecal oral (water)

52
Q

rotavirus

prevention / treatment

A

vaccine (esp for kids in developing countries)
personal hygiene
water treatment
self-resolving

53
Q

norovirus

features / diseases

A

RNA non-enveloped
gastroenteritis (“stomach flu”)
most common viral gastroenteritis in adults

54
Q

norovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in intestinal tissue
causes lesions in intestines
diarrhea

55
Q

norovirus

transmission

A 
fecal oral (water)
cruise ships
56
Q

norovirus

prevention / treatment

A

personal hygiene
water treatment
self-resolving

57
Q

rhinovirus

features / disesases

A 
RNA non-enveloped
100+ types
in upper respiratory tract
mild resistance to detergents/ bases
susceptible to acid
common cold
58
Q

rhinovirus

pathogenesis

A

lytic in lungs

59
Q

rhinovirus

transmission

A 
airborne droplets
hands
can survive in environment for a few days
via fomites
americans have 3 infections / year
60
Q

rhinovirus

prevention / treatment

A

wash hands
no vaccine because too many types
symptomatic treatment

61
Q

hepatitis (all types)

symptoms

A 
inflammation of liver
jaundice
hemoglobin -> bilirubin, biliverdin recycling
liver inflam -> deposit intermediates in liver -> jaundice
fever
lack of appetite
nausea
dark urine
pale feces
infection resolves in 2-4 weeks
62
Q

hepatitis A

features

A 
RNA non-enveloped
enterovirus
acute
denatured capsid proteins by boiling
survives weeks in environment and stomach
63
Q

hepatitis A

pathogenesis

A

infects enterocytes, also mouth and throat
spreads through blood to liver
lytic in liver
cleared by infected cells, can cause further damage
no chronic infection

64
Q

hepatitis A

transmission

A 
fecal oral
direct or indirect contact
sometimes saliva
50% US pop exposed, 90% developing countries
low mortality
65
Q

hepatitis A

prevention / treatment

A 
formaldehyde killed vaccine
travelers, children, anal-oral sex
proper hygiene
sewage disposal
no antivirals
lifetime immunity
66
Q

hepatitis B

features

A

DNA enveloped
double stranded DNA
in liver cells

67
Q

hepatitis B

pathogenesis

A 
RNA -> DNA with reverse transcriptase
DNA -> viral proteins
sometimes lysogeny with integration
DNA -> viral DNA polymerase -> DNA
lytic in liver cells
68
Q

hepatitis B

transmission

A 
blood
sex
during birth
direct transmission only
asians more susceptible
90% infected neonate -> chronic carriers
cirrhosis: liver tissue replaced by scar tissue; or liver failure or cancer
69
Q

hepatitis B

prevention / treatment

A

virus subunits vaccine
health professionals, STDs, IV users, transfusions
treatment only for chronic carriers
alpha interferon
inhibitors of reverse transcriptase and viral DNA polymerase

70
Q

hepatitis C

features

A 
RNA enveloped
single stranded RNA
hypervariable genome
in liver cells
persistant chronic
71
Q

hepatitis C

pathologenesis

A

RNA -> DNA reverse transcriptase
lysogeny with integration
hard to control replication because virus keeps changing
immune system attacks
alcoholism increases disease
75% infected become chronic carriers
10% of cases cause cancer, cirrhosis, liver failure

72
Q

hepatitis C

transmission

A

blood transfusion
rare: sex or during birth
4 million americans infected
direct contact only

73
Q

hepatitis C

prevention / treatment

A

avoid blood contact (drug users)
alpha interferon
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
new drugs with 50%+ cure rate

74
Q

hepatitis D

features

A 
RNA enveloped
defective virus
only infects HBV individuals
no capsid protein genome
persistant chronic
75
Q

hepatitis D

pathogenesis

A

uses capsid of HBV

increases liver damage speed

76
Q

hepatitis D

transmission

A

same as HBV

direct contact

77
Q

hepatitis D

prevention / treatment

A

prevent HBV

no treatment

78
Q

hepatitis E

features

A

RNA non-enveloped
acute
major cause of enteric transmitted hepatitis in asia, africa, india, mexico, but rare in US (diff from HAV)
can infect pigs

79
Q

hepatitis E

pathogenesis

A

20% infected pregnant women -> fatal hepatitis (75% mortality)

80
Q

hepatitis E

transmission

A

fecal oral
same as HAV
direct and indirect contact

81
Q

hepatitis E

prevention / treatment

A

vaccine
avoid contaminated water/food
no treatment

Physiology (16 decks)

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