Chapter 1: Basics of Human Physiology

Question 1

Physiology

Answer 1

Study of the functions and processes of living organisms

Question 2

Physiology levels of organization

Answer 2

Molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations of one species

Question 3

10 Organ systems

Answer 3

integumentary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary, circulatory, nervous, endocrine, immune

Question 4

Organ systems that exchange between internal and external environments

Answer 4

respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary

Question 5

Teleological approach

Answer 5

adaptive significance, function explains “why”

Question 6

Mechanistic approach

Answer 6

process describes “how”

Question 7

4 Physiology themes

Answer 7

structure and function relationship
energy processing
information flow
homeostasis

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

environmental balance

Question 9

Intracellular vs Extracellular fluid

Answer 9

intracellular: inside cells
extracellular: buffer zone outside of cells, plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 10

Pathophysiology

Answer 10

failure to compensate for change from set point, leads to illness or death

Question 11

Feedback loop steps

Answer 11

stimulus
sensor
(afferent pathway)
integrating center
(efferent pathway)
effector
(effector's action)
response

Question 12

stimulus

Answer 12

any physiological change from body’s set point

Question 13

sensor

Answer 13

structure that detects original change

Question 14

integrating center

Answer 14

structure where information from sensor is processed and interpreted

Question 15

effector

Answer 15

structure that can act to adjust the condition

Question 16

effector’s action

Answer 16

action taken to adjust the action

Question 17

response

Answer 17

outcome of effector’s action, opposite of stimulus

Question 18

scientific method

Answer 18

observation
research question
hypothesis
experiment
theories and models

Question 19

placebo effect vs nocebo effect

Answer 19

placebo: treatment works because they believe it will
nocebo: treatment has negative effect because they believe it will

Question 20

intracellular vs extracellular ions

Answer 20

Na, Cl, Ca: higher in extracellular

K: higher in intracellular