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Microbio Bacteriology Flashcards

0
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Important Properties

A 
G+ cocci
90% b-lactamase plasmid
50% MRSA
2% VRSA
staphyloxanthin
catalase + / coagulase +
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1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Diseases

A 
HA pneumonia
septicemia
abscesses
food poisoning
scalded skin
toxic shock
foliculitis
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2
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Diseases

A

heart infection

prosthetic infection

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3
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Important Properties

A

G+ cocci
catalase + / coagulase -
white colonies

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4
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Diseases

A

UTI

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5
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Important Properties

A

G+ cocci
catalase + / coagulase -
in genital tract

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6
Q

Staphylococcus pyogenes

Diseases

A

pharyngitis

heart infection

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7
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

Important properties

A 
G+ cocci
catalase -
beta hemolytic
group A
in throat
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8
Q

Streptococcus viridians

Diseases

A

gingivitis
dental decay
endocarditis

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9
Q

Streptococcus viridians

Important properties

A

G+ cocci
catalase -
alpha hemolytic
in mouth

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10
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

Diseases

A

neonatal sepsis

meningitis

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11
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

Important properties

A 
G+ cocci
catalase -
beta hemolytic
group B
in vagina and colon
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12
Q

Enterococci

Diseases

A

pneumonia

meningitis

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13
Q

Enterococci

Important properties

A 
G+ cocci
catalase -
beta hemolytic
group D
in intestines
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14
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Diseases

A

pneumonia
meningitis
sinusitis
arthritis

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15
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Important properties

A 
G+ cocci
catalase -
alpha hemolytic
capsule
in throat
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16
Q

Neisseria meningitides

Diseases

A

meningitis

bacteremia

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17
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

Important properties

A

G- cocci
diplococcus
human host
capsule

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18
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Diseases

A

gonorrhea

neonatal conjunctivitis

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19
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Important properties

A

G- cocci
diplococcus
LOS
2nd most common STD

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20
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Diseases

A

Anthrax

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21
Q

Bacillus anthracis

Important properties

A 
G+ bacilli
large
toxin coded in plasmid
capsule
nonmotile
central endospores 
in soil
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22
Q

Bacillus cereus

Diseases

A

food poisoning

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23
Q

Bacillus cereus

Important properties

A

G+ bacilli
cooking helps growth, release vegetative cells
endospores

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24
Q

Clostridium tetani

Diseases

A

tetanus

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25
Q

Clostridium tetani

Important properties

A

G+ bacilli
anaerobic
terminal endospore
environmental

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26
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Diseases

A

infant botulism

wound botulism

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27
Q

Clostridium botulinum

Important properties

A

G+ bacilli
terminal endospore
environmental

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28
Q

Clostridium perfringens

Diseases

A

gas gangrene

food poisoning

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29
Q

Clostridium perfringens

Important properties

A

G+ bacilli
terminal endospores
in soil
in colon and vagina

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30
Q

Clostridium difficile

Diseases

A

biofilm in colon

chronic diarrhea

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31
Q

Clostridium difficile

Important properties

A

G+ bacilli
endospore
in soil
in colon (3% pop, 30% hospitalized pop, 20% kids)

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32
Q

Corynebactrium diphtheriae

Diseases

A

diphtheria

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33
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Important properties

A 
G+ bacilli
no endospore
club-shaped
red polyphosphate crystals inside
only in humans
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34
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

Diseases

A

meningitis
sepsis
febrile gastroenteritis

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35
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

Important properties

A

G+ bacilli
no endospore
grows well in cold temps
in soil, plants, animals

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36
Q

Escherichia coli

Diseases

A

UTI
septicemia
neonatal meningitis

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37
Q

Escherichia coli

Important properties

A 
G- bacilli, enteric
facultative anaerobe
ferments lactose
in humans and animals
in colon
no endospores
motile
produces vitamin K
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38
Q

Salmonella

Diseases

A

enterocolitis
typhoid fever
septicemia

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39
Q

Salmonella

Important Properties

A

G- bacilli, enteric
don’t ferment lactose
typhoidal/ non-typhoidal species
leading cause of food infection in US

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40
Q

Shigella

Diseases

A

enterocolitis

shigellosis

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41
Q

Shigella

Important Properties

A

G- bacilli, enteric
don’t ferment lactose
resistant to stomach acid
100 produce disease

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42
Q

Vibrio cholerae

Diseases

A

cholera

hypovolemia

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43
Q

Vibrio cholerae

Important Properties

A

G- bacilli, enteric

curved bacilli

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44
Q

Bordetella pertussis

Diseases

A

whooping cough (pertussis)

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45
Q

Bordetella pertussis

Important Properties

A

G- bacilli, respiratory
small
capsule
humans only

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46
Q

Haemophylus influenzae

Diseases

A

CA meningitis

upper respiratory infection

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47
Q

Haemophylus influenzae

Important Properties

A

G- bacilli, respiratory
small
capsule
humans only

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48
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Transmission

A

30% population
in nose
homeless, drug users at risk

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49
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Pathogenesis

A

protein A -> abscesses
TSST toxin -> LPS-like effects
enterotoxin -> food poisoning
exfoliatin -> scalded skin syndrome

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50
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Prevention

A

cleanliness

intranasal antibiotic for carriers

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51
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

transmission

A

into blood through IVs

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52
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

pathogenesis

A

HA

biofilms

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53
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

prevention

A

vancomycin

cleanliness

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54
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

transmission

A

in mucosa of genital tract

can ascend into bladder

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55
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

pathogenesis

A

CA

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56
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

prevention

A

cleanliness

antibiotics

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57
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

transmission

A

throat -> blood/tissues
10% pop carriers
in throat

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58
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

pathogenesis

A 
biofilms -> enzymes and toxins
pyogenic inflammatory enzymes:
-hyaluronidase: digests connective tissue
-streptokinase: digests blood clots
-DNAse: digests DNA
toxins:
-erythrogenic: causes rash
-streptolysin O/S: digests RBCs
-exotoxin A: shock
-exotoxin B: flesh eating disorder
immunologic:
-protein M -> heart, kidney, joints, brain -> rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
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59
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

prevention

A

anti-inflammatory drugs

antibiotic preventitive

60
Q

Streptococcus viridians

pathogenesis

61
Q

Streptococcus viridians

prevention

A

antibiotics

62
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

transmission

A

mom -> baby in delivery

63
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

pathogenesis

A

capsule

induce inflammatory response

64
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

prevention

A

screening of pregnant women

antibiotic if positive at delivery

65
Q

Enterococci

pathogenesis

A

disease if out of intestine

especially in elderly

66
Q

Enterococci

prevention

A

antibiotics

penicillin resistant

67
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

transmission

A

5-50% pop carriers in throat
respiratory droplets
not easily transmitted

68
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

pathogenesis

A

capsule -> BBB

69
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

prevention

A

vaccine

antibiotics

70
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

transmission

A

human to human
5-60% pop carriers in throat
sneezing coughing

71
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

pathogenesis

A 
capsule -> BBB
LPS
enzymes -> inflam, high fever, coma
30% mortality if untreated
colonizes airway, move into blood and throughout body, into meningeal comps, colonize, symptoms
72
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

prevention

A

vaccine

antibiotic

73
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

transmission

A

genital secretions

mom -> baby in delivery

74
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

pathogenesis

A 
symptomatic in 85% men, 50% women
purulent discharge
symptoms in 5-7 days 
enough capsule -> bacteremia, arthritis
could cause sterility if untreated
75
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

prevention

A

condom use
education
antibiotic

76
Q

Bacillus anthracis

transmission

A

inhalation
ingestion
contact with endospores

77
Q

Bacillus anthracis

pathogenesis

A

toxins -> cell death, edema
skin in 30% cases
GI in 60% cases
lungs -> lymph nodes, 100% mortality

78
Q

Bacillus anthracis

prevention

A

antibiotic

vaccine (military)

79
Q

Bacillus cereus

transmission

A

endospores in warm rice

80
Q

Bacillus cereus

pathogenesis

A

endospores release toxin

effects after 24 hours

81
Q

Bacillus cereus

prevention

A

only symptomatic treatment

82
Q

Clostridium tetani

transmission

A

spores release toxin

83
Q

Clostridium tetani

pathogenesis

A

toxin (tetanospasmin) inhibits GABA and glycine -> spastic paralysis
symptoms 1-3 weeks after exposure

84
Q

Clostridium tetani

prevention

A

vaccine
antitoxin
no treatment once attached to neuron

85
Q

Clostridium botulinum

transmission

A

spores from soil contaminate veggies / meats
improper canning -> toxin
raw honey

86
Q

Clostridium botulinum

pathogenesis

A

toxin prevents ACh release -> flaccid paralysis
double vision
60% infant cases

87
Q

Clostridium botulinum

prevention

A

clean canning
antitoxin
respiratory support

88
Q

Clostridium perfringens

transmission

A

student’s diarrhea: food contamination

war wounds, crushing injuries

89
Q

Clostridium perfringens

pathogenesis

A 
wound -> alpha toxin (membrane damage)
food -> enterotoxin
gas under skin
tissue damage, septicemia, death
diarrhea in 8-16h, resolved in 24h
90
Q

Clostridium perfringens

prevention

A

cleanliness

91
Q

Clostridium difficile

transmission

A

fecal-oral

92
Q

Clostridium difficile

pathogenesis

A

biofilm -> toxin
antibiotics cause ecological imbalance
toxin damages intestine walls

93
Q

Clostridium difficile

prevention

A

antibiotics only when necessary
fecal transplant
cleanliness

94
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

trasmission

A

airborne droplets

back of throat and upper airway

95
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

pathogenesis

A

toxin binds to elongation factor, inhibits translation, kills cells
gray biofilm over tonsils
rare in USA

96
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

prevention

A

DTaP
antitoxin
antibiotics

97
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

transmission

A

ingesting raw milk, meats, veggies

especially in newborns, pregnant women, immunosuppressed

98
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

pathogenesis

A

survives inside cells, protected from immune response

99
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

prevention

A

avoid raw foods if at risk pop

100
Q

Escherichia coli

transmission

A

fecal-oral
urinary tract contamination with own colonic flora
mom -> baby

101
Q

Escherichia coli

pathogenesis

A

tissue invasion
EHEC -> shiga toxin -> kidney failure
ETEC -> enterotoxin -> diarrhea

102
Q

Escherichia coli

prevention

A

antibiotics
cranberry juice
cleanliness
decreased time of catheterization

103
Q

Salmonella

transmission

A

fecal-oral

usually from poultry / eggs

104
Q

Salmonella

pathogenesis

A 
enterocolitis:
-invades colon tissue, similar to ETEC
-100,000 bacteria necessary
-susceptible to stomach acid
typhoid fever:
-invades colon, spreads to liver, spleen, gallbladder
-bacteremia
-fever due to LPS release
-gallbladder can shed bacteria in feces
-pale feces, dark urine, decreased bile
septicemia:
-5-10% patients, mostly elderly and kids
105
Q

Salmonella

prevention

A

2 vaccines
cleanliness
decrease antacids
remove gallbladder

106
Q

Shigella

transmission

A

flies
fingers
feces
food

107
Q

Shigella

pathogenesis

A

doesn’t invade tissues

shiga toxin

108
Q

Shigella

prevention

A

cleanliness

109
Q

Vibrio cholerae

transmission

A

fecal-oral

marine shellfish

110
Q

Vibrio cholerae

pathogenesis

A

toxin -> clear diarrhea
susceptible to stomach acid
1 million bacteria
same as ETEC

111
Q

Vibrio cholerae

prevention

A

cleanliness

vaccine (outside US)

112
Q

Bordetella pertussis

transmission

A

airborne droplets
highly contagious
mostly in kids

113
Q

Bordetella pertussis

pathogenesis

A

toxin (pertussis)
ETEC but in lungs
mucus in airways
high morbidity

114
Q

Bordetella pertussis

prevention

A

vaccine (DTaP)
antibiotics
oxygen therapy
mucus suction

115
Q

Haemophylus influenzae

transmission

A

airborne droplets

116
Q

Haemophylus influenzae

pathogenesis

A

toxin
capsule
90% death if untreated

117
Q

Vibrio cholerae

Diseases

A

Cholera

Meningitis

118
Q

Yersinia

facts

A 
plague
capsule
very virulent
from flea bite, flea infected by rodent
endo/exo-toxin
antibiotics, vaccine
119
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

diseases

A

tuberculosis

120
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

important properties

A 
acid fast
1/3 world pop infected
2 million die per year
9 million infected per year
500k patients with multi-resistant strains
121
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

transmission

A

air droplets
in bottom of lungs
symptoms in 10%

122
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

pathogenesis

A 
crosses mucus layer in lungs
invades tissue
macrophages engulf bacteria
bacteria keeps growing -> inflammation
granuloma forms of helper T cells
phases:
-exudative: coughing blood
-granuloma: dormant
-reactivation: in immunosuppressed patients, stops helper T cells
123
Q

Mycobacteria tuberculosis

prevention

A 
PPD test
multidrug therapy
better housing and nutrition
screening- especially immunosuppressed
BCG live vaccine (0-70% effective)
124
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

disases

A

leprosy (hansen’s disease)

125
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

important properties

A

acid fast
not grown in lab
14 day doubling time
live in myelin

126
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

transmission

A

prolonged contact with patients

127
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

pathogenesis

A

immune system attacks nerves -> numb skin areas
types:
-tuberculoid: few bacteria, granulomas on skin
-lepromatous: many bacteria, deformed bones, unresponsive immune system

128
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

prevention

A

multi-drug treatment
isolation of patients
treatment of exposed kids
no vaccine

129
Q

Mycobacteria avium-intracellulare

facts

A

no effect on healthy adults, only immunocompromised/HIV patients
in shower heads
causes tuberculosis-like disease
opportunistic

130
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

diseases

A

conjunctivitis/ trachoma
pneumonia
genital tract disease

131
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

important properties

A 
not gram stained
most common std
intracellular
take atp from host
only in humans
132
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

transmission

A

close personal contact
mom -> baby
finger to eye
10%+ coinfected with gonorrhea

133
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

pathogenesis

A

infect epithelial cells in mucosal tissue

134
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

prevention

A

antibiotics
prompt treatment
check for other stds
condoms

135
Q

Chlamydia psitacci

facts

A

causes psittacosis
intracellular
infects birds
humans inhale dry bird feces

136
Q

Treponema pallidum

diseases

A

syphilis

non-venereal treponematosis

137
Q

Treponema pallidum

important properties

A

not grown in lab
normal flora
1/10 cases reported

138
Q

Treponema pallidum

transmission

A

contact with lesions
pregnant mom -> baby
can burrow through skin

139
Q

Treponema pallidum

pathogenesis

A

primary: nontender ulcer at site of infection, 1/3 heal
secondary: bacteremia, maculopapular rash (palms and soles), 1/3 heal
tertiary: granulomas on CNS, bone, skin, heart
congenital: mom -> baby in 3rd trimester

140
Q

Treponema pallidum

prevention

A

antibiotics
condom
early diagnosis

141
Q

Actinomycetes israelli

facts

A 
causes actinomycosis
anaerobic
in mouth
invades tissue if dental trauma
antibiotics
142
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

facts

A 
causes atypical pneumonia
very small
no cell wall
respiratory droplets
penicillins are inactive
treat with other drugs
143
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

facts

A

lyme disease
tick-borne
bacteremia
antibiotics

144
Q

Brucella

disease

A

brucellosis

145
Q

Brucella

important properties

A

small
maybe capsule
3 species- goats/sheep, cows, pigs

146
Q

Brucella

transmission

A

contaminated milk
contact with animals
inhalation/ingestion
mom->baby

147
Q

Brucella

pathogenesis

A 
resistant to stomach acid
colonizes major organs
grows slowly
bacteremia
intracellular
LPS
very infective / contagious
fever, joint pain, malaise
148
Q

Brucella

prevention

A

no human vaccine
increase animal vaccine
pasteurize milk
antibiotics

Physiology (16 decks)

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