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Physiology > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

dissecting microscope

A

view parts of or whole small specimens

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2
Q

compound (light) microscope

A

view clusters of cells, tissue must be cut into thin sections

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3
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

view outside surface of specimen

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4
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

view structures inside of cells, slice cell with diamond knife

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5
Q

coarse focus knob

A

used first to bring specimen into focus, never used with higher objectives

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6
Q

fine focus knob

A

used to sharpen the focus of an image, only one used for higher objectives

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7
Q

right to left

A

how to wrap microscope cord

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8
Q

measure

A

what is being evaluated in an experiment

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9
Q

unit

A

specific terms measure is reported in

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10
Q

metric units

A

units used in science, M, g, L, C

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11
Q

english units

A

units used in USA, ft, lb, gal, F

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12
Q

generic equation

A

A x B = C, A1/B1 = A2/B2

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13
Q

applied equation

A

equation that uses numbers where appropriate, always includes units

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14
Q

A x B = C

A

unit conversion equation

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15
Q

A1/B1 = A2/B2

A

concentration calculation equation

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16
Q

A1/B1

A

standard in A1/B1 = A2/B2

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17
Q

mean

A

average of a set of values

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18
Q

range

A

spread of a set of values

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19
Q

standard deviation

A

variability of set of values

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20
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside cells

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21
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside cells

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22
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid around cells

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23
Q

plasma

A

fluid around blood cells

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24
Q

semi-permeable membrane

A

membrane in which some substances can pass through, and/or some but not all solutes can pass through

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25
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water

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26
Q

solvent

A

universally, water. contains the solute

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27
Q

solute

A

solid inside of the solvent

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28
Q

diffusion

A

process of solute movement

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29
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

2 layers of phospholipid molecules with proteins embedded

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30
Q

phospholipid molecule

A

phosphate head and fatty acid tails

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31
Q

hydrophilic

A

likes water, polar

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32
Q

hydrophobic

A

repels water, non-polar, fat-based

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33
Q

cell membrane impermeability

A

large polar molecules, ions

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34
Q

cell membrane permeability

A

non-polar molecules, lipid-soluble molecules, water

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35
Q

passive transport

A

substances move without additional energy

36
Q

active transport

A

movement requiring additional energy

37
Q

solution

A

solvent + solute

38
Q

water

A

universal solvent

39
Q

state of equilibrium

A

goal of assive transport

40
Q

gradient

A

difference between high and low concentration, substances flow from high to low

41
Q

permeability

A

how easily a substance can pass through a membrane

42
Q

temperature and surface area of membrane

A

if it increases, the rate of diffusion increases

43
Q

channel proteins

A

protein involved in simple diffusion

44
Q

carrier proteins

A

protein involved in facilitated diffusion

45
Q

pump proteins

A

proteins involved in active transport

46
Q

chemical disequilibrium

A

normal balance in cells

47
Q

sodium

A

higher concentration in extracellular fluid

48
Q

chlorine

A

higher concentration in extracellular fluid

49
Q

calcium

A

higher concentration in extracellular fluid

50
Q

potassium

A

higher concentration in intracellular fluid

51
Q

osmotically active particle

A

solute that cannot pass through membrane and attracts water to itself

52
Q

turgidity

A

firmness of a bag

53
Q

osmotic pressure

A

amount of force it takes to prevent water from moving across a membrane

54
Q

hyperosmotic

A

area that has more osmotically active particles than another, water moves toward this side of membrane

55
Q

hyposmotic

A

area that has less osmotically active particles than another, water moves away from this side of membrane

56
Q

isosmotic

A

area with the same number of osmotically active particles as another, no net movement of water

57
Q

300 mOsM

A

osmolarity of human blood

58
Q

tonicity

A

refers to a solution’s effect on cells

59
Q

hemolysis

A

cells burst (hypotonic)

60
Q

crenation

A

cells shrink (hypertonic)

61
Q

molarity

A

concentration of a solution based on number of moles in a liter

62
Q

osmolarity

A

number of osmotically active particles in a liter of solution

63
Q

A1/B1 = A2/B2

A

solve for molarity equation

64
Q

A x B = C

A

molarity to osmolarity equation

65
Q

must know osmolarity

A

to know the tonicity of solution, you must know

66
Q

must know molarity

A

to know osmolarity of solution, you must know

67
Q

synthesis

A

chemical reaction involving putting molecules together; A + B -> AB

68
Q

hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction involving breaking molecules down into smaller parts; AB -> A + B

69
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

70
Q

catalyze

A

word for speeding up a reaction

71
Q

kinase

A

transfer of a phosphate in reaction

72
Q

phosphatase

A

removal of phosphate in reaction

73
Q

dehydrogenase

A

removal of hydrogen in reaction

74
Q

isomerase

A

change in substrate structure but not make-up

75
Q

co-factor

A

usually a mineral, helps to activate a molecule

76
Q

co-enzyme

A

vitamin-derived molecule, helps to activate an enzyme

77
Q

optimum

A

pH or temperature at which an enzyme has the highest activity

78
Q

saturation

A

point of substrate concentration at which enzymes cannot work any faster

79
Q

spectrophotometer

A

measures how much light is absorbed by a solution

80
Q

absorbance

A

measured by spectrophotometer, higher result means a higher concentration of substrate

81
Q

substrate

A

acted upon by an enzyme

82
Q

buffer

A

must control for optimum pH range

83
Q

cofactor

A

must be present for enzyme to function

84
Q

stopping reagent

A

must be able to control how long assay runs, alters enzyme activity by extreme change in pH

85
Q

product

A

measured and compared with known concentration, created in reaction

86
Q

standard

A

known sample’s activity

Physiology (16 decks)

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