Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism Flashcards
bioenergetics
energy for living organisms
types of work performed by the body
chemical
transport
mechanical
chemical work
making/breaking chemical bonds
transport work
moving substances into or out of cell
creation of concentration gradients
mechanical work
movement (muscle contraction, organelles within cells)
six forms of energy (which in body?)
solar chemical* mechanical* electrical* nuclear heat*
energy system starting with the sun
solar E from sun, water, CO2 enter plant plant makes glucose plant releases O2 plant eaten by human (glucose) human releases CO2 and H2O
first law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can change form
second law of thermodynamics
processes move from order to disorder, increasing entropy; needs energy to stay in order
free energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
more in more complex molecules like glycogen, which is why energy is stored there
enzymes
biological catalysts end in -ase proteins not changed by reaction named for what they do may be modulated (activated/inactivated)
coenzymes
vitamins
act as receptors and carriers for atoms that are removed from substrates
isozymes
two forms of the same enzyme that work under different conditions
feedback inhibition
end product tells first step to slow down, decreases rate limiting enzyme
catabolism vs anabolism
catabolism: breakdown of molecules
anabolism: synthesis of larger molecules
ATP hydrolysis
ATP -> ADP + P + Energy
anaerobic energy pathways
ATP-CP system
glycolysis
aerobic energy pathways
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport system
ATP-CP System: equation
CP -> CR + P + Energy
ADP + P + Energy -> ATP
ATP-CP System: rate limiting enzyme
creatine kinase
