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Physiology > Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

bioenergetics

A

energy for living organisms

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2
Q

types of work performed by the body

A

chemical
transport
mechanical

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3
Q

chemical work

A

making/breaking chemical bonds

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4
Q

transport work

A

moving substances into or out of cell

creation of concentration gradients

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5
Q

mechanical work

A

movement (muscle contraction, organelles within cells)

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6
Q

six forms of energy (which in body?)

A 
solar
chemical*
mechanical*
electrical*
nuclear
heat*
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7
Q

energy system starting with the sun

A 
solar E from sun, water, CO2 enter plant
plant makes glucose
plant releases O2
plant eaten by human (glucose)
human releases CO2 and H2O
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8
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can change form

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9
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

processes move from order to disorder, increasing entropy; needs energy to stay in order

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10
Q

free energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds

more in more complex molecules like glycogen, which is why energy is stored there

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11
Q

enzymes

A 
biological catalysts
end in -ase
proteins
not changed by reaction
named for what they do
may be modulated (activated/inactivated)
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12
Q

coenzymes

A

vitamins

act as receptors and carriers for atoms that are removed from substrates

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13
Q

isozymes

A

two forms of the same enzyme that work under different conditions

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14
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end product tells first step to slow down, decreases rate limiting enzyme

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15
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A

catabolism: breakdown of molecules
anabolism: synthesis of larger molecules

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16
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

ATP -> ADP + P + Energy

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17
Q

anaerobic energy pathways

A

ATP-CP system

glycolysis

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18
Q

aerobic energy pathways

A

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport system

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19
Q

ATP-CP System: equation

A

CP -> CR + P + Energy

ADP + P + Energy -> ATP

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20
Q

ATP-CP System: rate limiting enzyme

A

creatine kinase

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21
Q

ATP-CP System: time to fatigue

A

10-15 secs

22
Q

Glycolysis: primary substrate

23
Q

Glycolysis: products

A

2 ATP
2 pyruvate
2 NADH

24
Q

Glycolysis: rate limiting enzyme

A

phosphofructokinase

25
Q

Glycolysis: time to fatigue

A

60-90 secs

26
Q

Pyruvate under anaerobic condition

A

Pyr + NADH -> Lac + NAD

27
Q

Pyruvate under anaerobic condition: enzyme

A

lactate dehydrogenase

28
Q

Pyruvate under anaerobic condition: process

A

lactate fermentation

29
Q

CAC: primary substrate

A

Acetyl CoA

30
Q

CAC: products

A

1 ATP
2 CO2
1 FADH2
3 NADH

31
Q

CAC: rate limiting enzyme

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

32
Q

CAC: time to fatigue

33
Q

ETS: primary substrate

A

H (from NADH and FADH)

34
Q

ETS: products

35
Q

ETS: rate limiting enzyme

A

cytochrome oxidase

36
Q

ETS: time to fatigue

A

few hours at max

indefinitely below max

37
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex disease

A

cells cant produce pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate -> acetyl coa)

38
Q

glycogen -> glucose

A

glycogenolysis

39
Q

Carbohydrates as fuel

A

fuel: glucose
storage form: glycogen
stored in: muscle/liver

40
Q

Lipids as fuel

A

fuel: fatty acids
storage form: triglyceride
stored in: adipocytes

41
Q

triglyceride -> fatty acid + glycerol

42
Q

fatty acid -> acetyl CoA

A

beta oxidation

43
Q

protein -> amino acids

A

proteolysis

44
Q

non-sugar molecules -> glycogen

A

gluconeogenesis in liver

45
Q

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> triglyceride

A

lipogenesis

46
Q

glucose -> glycogen

A

glycogenesis

47
Q

ETS: another enzyme

A

ATP synthase

48
Q

kinase

A

phosphate transfer

49
Q

dehydrogenase

A

removes H+

50
Q

synthetase

A

synthesis of a molecule

Physiology (16 decks)

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