Lab Final Flashcards
compliance
ability to stretch, related to inspiration
elasticity
ability to return from stretch, related to expiration
fibrotic lung disease
build-up of connective tissue in lungs
difficulty inhaling
emphysema
reduction in elastin fibers
difficulty exhaling
eupnea
normal breathing at rest
hyperpnea
increased ventilation rate accompanying metabolic increase
hyperventilation
increased ventilation rate without metabolic increase
hypoventilation
decreased ventilation, accumulate co2
dyspnea
difficulty breathing (asthma)
apnea
absence of breathing
spirometry
method for assessing lung function
forced expiratory volume
percent of vital capacity exhaled in given amount of time
FEV 1.0
66-83%
FEV 2.0
75-94%
FEV 3.0
78-97%
maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
maximum breathing capacity, measures volume and rate (L/min)
spirometer syringe
used for calibration
spirometer transducer
what is blown into
ml/min urine when hydrated
16
ml/min urine when dehydrated
0.3
urine per day
400 ml
antidiuretic hormone
(vasopressin) increase water reabsorption
aldosterone
increase SODIUM reabsorption, increase osmolarity (helps maintain body water)
atrial natriuretic peptide
from heart, reduce body water and salt, increased excretion, decrease blood pressure
glycosuria
glucose in urine
proteinuria
protein in urine
hematuria
rbc’s in urine
albuminuria
protein in urine
urine is red
rbcs, hemoglobin, myoglobin OR dietary (beets, blackberries)
urine is cloudy
infection
leukocytes on reagent strip
uti
nitrate on reagent strip
uti
urobilinogen on reagent strip
liver obstruction
pH on reagent strip
normal: 5-6
alkaline: uti, yeast infection
acidic: diabetes, dehydration, gout, fever
ketones on reagent strip
(ketonuria)
diabetes, starvation, high protein diets, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
blood on reagent strip
cystitis, kidney disease, menstruation, kidney stones, benign prostrate hypertrophy, damage to filter
hemoglobin from additional testing if blood on reagent strip
excessive burns, crushing injury, hypertension, snake venom, malaria, sickle cell anemia
bilirubin on reagent strip
liver disorder, hepatitis, obstructed bile duct
protein on reagent strip
kidney disorder, toxemia during pregnancy, renal disease
sometimes high after exercise
glucose on reagent strip
diabetes mellitus
diabetes mellitus
excess glucose in blood, spills over into urine
diabetes insipidus
posterior pituitary secretes low amount of ADH; rapid urine production
refractometer
instrument to test specific gravity, in g/100ml
high specific gravity
above 1.035
dehydration, liver failure, heart failure, diabetes m., high protein in blood
low specific gravity
1.000 - 1.004
dilute urine, diabetes i., kidney infection, cystic fibrosis
cells in microscope
more than 0-2 per 400x field is abnormal
casts in microscope
small number is normal
large number means renal disease
crystals in microscope
normal: calcium oxalate, triphosphates
abnormal: cysteine, lysine
large amount: kidney stones, gout arthritis
fasting blood glucose
normal: <100mg/dL
after 8 hour fast
glucose tolerance test
normal: <140 at 2 hours
overnight fast followed by ingesting 75g glucose
levels monitored over 2 hours
hyperglycemia
blood glucose levels above normal
diabetes mellitus fasting blood glucose
> 125 mg/dL
hypoglycemia
blood glucose levels below normal
high glucose, hormone released
insulin
low glucose, hormone released
glucagon
gland that secretes insulin, glucagon
pancreas
peptide hormones
insulin, glucagon
protein-based, hydrophilic
bind to membrane-bound receptor, 2nd messenger
steroid hormones
come from cholesterol
lipid-based, hydrophobic
most bind to cytoplasmic receptor, can act as transcription factors
insulin transport
binds to tyrosine-kinase receptor
second messenger
transcription factor glucose moves in via GLUT 4
GLUT 4
in adipose and skeletal muscle fasted state: no insulin, no GLUT 4 in membrane fed state: insulin signals cell to insert GLUT 4 into membrane, glucose enter cell
GLUT 2
in liver cells, always in membrane
fasted state:
cell makes glucose and transports it out via GLUT2
fed state:
insulin binds to receptor, causes glucose to be converted into G6P, higher glucose concentration outside, glucose moves in via GLUT2
storage forms of glucose
in liver/muscle: glycogen
in adipocytes: converted to triglycerides
type 1 diabetes mellitus
10%
autoimmune
beta cells destroyed by immune system
type 2 diabetes mellitus
90%
poor diet, no exercise, obesity
increase insulin over time results in down regulation (less receptors) or desensitization (less responsive receptors)
treating type 2 diabetes mellitus
exercise, results in more GLUT4 up regulation (more receptors)
