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Physiology > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

compliance

A

ability to stretch, related to inspiration

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2
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return from stretch, related to expiration

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3
Q

fibrotic lung disease

A

build-up of connective tissue in lungs

difficulty inhaling

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4
Q

emphysema

A

reduction in elastin fibers

difficulty exhaling

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5
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing at rest

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6
Q

hyperpnea

A

increased ventilation rate accompanying metabolic increase

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7
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased ventilation rate without metabolic increase

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8
Q

hypoventilation

A

decreased ventilation, accumulate co2

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9
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing (asthma)

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10
Q

apnea

A

absence of breathing

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11
Q

spirometry

A

method for assessing lung function

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12
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

percent of vital capacity exhaled in given amount of time

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13
Q

FEV 1.0

A

66-83%

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14
Q

FEV 2.0

A

75-94%

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15
Q

FEV 3.0

A

78-97%

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16
Q

maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)

A

maximum breathing capacity, measures volume and rate (L/min)

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17
Q

spirometer syringe

A

used for calibration

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18
Q

spirometer transducer

A

what is blown into

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19
Q

ml/min urine when hydrated

A

16

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20
Q

ml/min urine when dehydrated

A

0.3

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21
Q

urine per day

A

400 ml

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22
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

(vasopressin) increase water reabsorption

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23
Q

aldosterone

A

increase SODIUM reabsorption, increase osmolarity (helps maintain body water)

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24
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

from heart, reduce body water and salt, increased excretion, decrease blood pressure

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25
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in urine

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26
Q

proteinuria

A

protein in urine

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27
Q

hematuria

A

rbc’s in urine

28
Q

albuminuria

A

protein in urine

29
Q

urine is red

A

rbcs, hemoglobin, myoglobin OR dietary (beets, blackberries)

30
Q

urine is cloudy

A

infection

31
Q

leukocytes on reagent strip

A

uti

32
Q

nitrate on reagent strip

A

uti

33
Q

urobilinogen on reagent strip

A

liver obstruction

34
Q

pH on reagent strip

A

normal: 5-6
alkaline: uti, yeast infection
acidic: diabetes, dehydration, gout, fever

35
Q

ketones on reagent strip

A

(ketonuria)

diabetes, starvation, high protein diets, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism

36
Q

blood on reagent strip

A

cystitis, kidney disease, menstruation, kidney stones, benign prostrate hypertrophy, damage to filter

37
Q

hemoglobin from additional testing if blood on reagent strip

A

excessive burns, crushing injury, hypertension, snake venom, malaria, sickle cell anemia

38
Q

bilirubin on reagent strip

A

liver disorder, hepatitis, obstructed bile duct

39
Q

protein on reagent strip

A

kidney disorder, toxemia during pregnancy, renal disease

sometimes high after exercise

40
Q

glucose on reagent strip

A

diabetes mellitus

41
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

excess glucose in blood, spills over into urine

42
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

posterior pituitary secretes low amount of ADH; rapid urine production

43
Q

refractometer

A

instrument to test specific gravity, in g/100ml

44
Q

high specific gravity

A

above 1.035

dehydration, liver failure, heart failure, diabetes m., high protein in blood

45
Q

low specific gravity

A

1.000 - 1.004

dilute urine, diabetes i., kidney infection, cystic fibrosis

46
Q

cells in microscope

A

more than 0-2 per 400x field is abnormal

47
Q

casts in microscope

A

small number is normal

large number means renal disease

48
Q

crystals in microscope

A

normal: calcium oxalate, triphosphates
abnormal: cysteine, lysine
large amount: kidney stones, gout arthritis

49
Q

fasting blood glucose

A

normal: <100mg/dL

after 8 hour fast

50
Q

glucose tolerance test

A

normal: <140 at 2 hours
overnight fast followed by ingesting 75g glucose
levels monitored over 2 hours

51
Q

hyperglycemia

A

blood glucose levels above normal

52
Q

diabetes mellitus fasting blood glucose

A

> 125 mg/dL

53
Q

hypoglycemia

A

blood glucose levels below normal

54
Q

high glucose, hormone released

A

insulin

55
Q

low glucose, hormone released

A

glucagon

56
Q

gland that secretes insulin, glucagon

A

pancreas

57
Q

peptide hormones

A

insulin, glucagon
protein-based, hydrophilic
bind to membrane-bound receptor, 2nd messenger

58
Q

steroid hormones

A

come from cholesterol
lipid-based, hydrophobic
most bind to cytoplasmic receptor, can act as transcription factors

59
Q

insulin transport

A

binds to tyrosine-kinase receptor
second messenger
transcription factor glucose moves in via GLUT 4

60
Q

GLUT 4

A 
in adipose and skeletal muscle
fasted state:
no insulin, no GLUT 4 in membrane
fed state:
insulin signals cell to insert GLUT 4 into membrane,
glucose enter cell
61
Q

GLUT 2

A

in liver cells, always in membrane
fasted state:
cell makes glucose and transports it out via GLUT2
fed state:
insulin binds to receptor, causes glucose to be converted into G6P, higher glucose concentration outside, glucose moves in via GLUT2

62
Q

storage forms of glucose

A

in liver/muscle: glycogen

in adipocytes: converted to triglycerides

63
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

10%
autoimmune
beta cells destroyed by immune system

64
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

90%
poor diet, no exercise, obesity
increase insulin over time results in down regulation (less receptors) or desensitization (less responsive receptors)

65
Q

treating type 2 diabetes mellitus

A 
exercise, results in more GLUT4
up regulation (more receptors)

Physiology (16 decks)

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