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Physiology > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

lifestyle diseases

A 
heart disease and stroke
type 2 diabetes
alzheimers progression
some cancers
early death
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2
Q

metabolic syndrome symptoms

A 
insulin resistance
abdominal obesity
atherogenic dyslipidemia
hypertension
prothrombotic state
proinflammatory state (high C-reactive protein)
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3
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation cycle

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4
Q

negative effects of high fructose intake

A

lipogenic effects
metabolic disorders
hypertension
glycation of proteins

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5
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

inc gastric activity

inc ileum motility

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6
Q

ileogastric reflex

A

ileum distension

dec gastric motility

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7
Q

intestino-intestinal reflex

A

extreme distension of one segment

inc relaxation of other segments

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8
Q

true hermaphroditism

A

expression of sry gene in some embryonic cells but not others
combination of ovary, testis, and ovotestes

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9
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A

xxy
most common sex chromosome disorder
small testicles, reduced fertility

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10
Q

turner’s syndrome

A

xo

female sex, infertile, short in stature

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11
Q

SRY

A

testis-determining factor

presence: production of TDF, testes
absence: no TDF, ovaries

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12
Q

testosterone

A

produced by leydig cells of testes

stimulates development of wolffian duct and male external genitalia

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13
Q

anti-mullerian hormone

A

produced by sertoli cells of testes

stimulates regression of mullerian duct

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14
Q

genital tubercle

A

F: clitoris (10 weeks)
M: glans penis (at birth)

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15
Q

urethral folds and groove

A

F: labia minora, opening of vagina (at birth)
M: shaft of penis (at birth)

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16
Q

labioscrotal swellings

A

F: labia majora (at birth)
M: shaft of penis and scrotum (at birth)

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17
Q

gonad (cortex)

A

F: ovary (10 weeks)

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18
Q

gonad (medulla)

A

M: testis (10 weeks)

19
Q

wolffian duct

A

M: epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle (at birth)

20
Q

mullerian duct

A

F: fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina (at birth)

21
Q

pseudohermaphroditism

A

aka intersex

gonads and external genitalia don’t match

22
Q

congential adrenal hyperplasia

A

female version of intersex
excessive secretion of androgens from adrenal cortex
masculinized genitalia

23
Q

testicular feminization syndrome

A 
male version of intersex
have normal testes that remain in body
lack testosterone receptors
female genitalia develop
appears to be female who does not menstruate and is infertile
24
Q

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

A

male version of intersex
lacking the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT
normal internal genitalia, poorly developed penis and scrotum

25
Q

follicular phase

A 
follicle growth in ovary and egg maturation
FSH -> follicle growth
estrogen -< FSH, LH
late: high estrogen -> GnRH
LH -> androgens
26
Q

ovulation

A

ripened follicles and release of oocytes
high estrogen -> LH surge, FSH spike
high inhibin -< FSH, new follicle
low progesterone -> GnRH, LH

27
Q

luteal phase

A

ruptured follicle into corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy
corpus luteum -> progesterone, estrogen
high progesterone -> maintain endometrium
inhibin -< new follicle

late:
pregnancy: corpus luteum -> progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
no pregnancy: corpus luteum disintegrates
less progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
menses -> high FSH, high LH, new follicle

28
Q

menses

A

no pregnancy, bleeding from uterus

29
Q

proliferative phase

A

new layer of endometrium in preparation for pregnancy

30
Q

secretory phase

A

conversion of endometrium to secretory structure

31
Q

lipogenic effects of high fructose intake

A

increased body fat
increased dislipidemia
fatty liver syndrome

32
Q

metabolic disorders of high fructose intake

A 
decreased insulin sensitivity
increased insulin resistance
hyperinsulinemia
interferes with ghrelin regulation
leptin resistance
33
Q

addison’s disease

A

low cortisol

34
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

high cortisol

35
Q

grave’s disease

A

hyperthyroidism

36
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone resorption > bone formation

37
Q

acromegaly

A

excess growth hormone

38
Q

dwarfism

A

low growth hormone

39
Q

leptin

A

feedback from adipocytes to hypothalamus to decrease appetite

40
Q

ghrelin

A

from stomach, peptide hormone that stimulates appetite

41
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

brain neurotransmitter that stimulates appetite

42
Q

cortisol

A

increases muscle breakdown to get glucose
decreases intestinal calcium absorption
suppresses immune system
increases lipolysis

43
Q

low plasma calcium feedback loop

A 
low plasma calcium
CaSR (GPCR) on parathyroid gland
?
parathyroid gland
PTH
kidney, bone
kidney: inc renal reabsorption, inc calcitrol synth, which inc intestinal absorption
bone: inc bone resorption
increase in plasma calcium

Physiology (16 decks)

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