FINAL Flashcards
lifestyle diseases
heart disease and stroke type 2 diabetes alzheimers progression some cancers early death
metabolic syndrome symptoms
insulin resistance abdominal obesity atherogenic dyslipidemia hypertension prothrombotic state proinflammatory state (high C-reactive protein)
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation cycle
negative effects of high fructose intake
lipogenic effects
metabolic disorders
hypertension
glycation of proteins
gastroileal reflex
inc gastric activity
inc ileum motility
ileogastric reflex
ileum distension
dec gastric motility
intestino-intestinal reflex
extreme distension of one segment
inc relaxation of other segments
true hermaphroditism
expression of sry gene in some embryonic cells but not others
combination of ovary, testis, and ovotestes
klinefelter’s syndrome
xxy
most common sex chromosome disorder
small testicles, reduced fertility
turner’s syndrome
xo
female sex, infertile, short in stature
SRY
testis-determining factor
presence: production of TDF, testes
absence: no TDF, ovaries
testosterone
produced by leydig cells of testes
stimulates development of wolffian duct and male external genitalia
anti-mullerian hormone
produced by sertoli cells of testes
stimulates regression of mullerian duct
genital tubercle
F: clitoris (10 weeks)
M: glans penis (at birth)
urethral folds and groove
F: labia minora, opening of vagina (at birth)
M: shaft of penis (at birth)
labioscrotal swellings
F: labia majora (at birth)
M: shaft of penis and scrotum (at birth)
gonad (cortex)
F: ovary (10 weeks)
gonad (medulla)
M: testis (10 weeks)
wolffian duct
M: epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle (at birth)
mullerian duct
F: fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina (at birth)
pseudohermaphroditism
aka intersex
gonads and external genitalia don’t match
congential adrenal hyperplasia
female version of intersex
excessive secretion of androgens from adrenal cortex
masculinized genitalia
testicular feminization syndrome
male version of intersex have normal testes that remain in body lack testosterone receptors female genitalia develop appears to be female who does not menstruate and is infertile
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
male version of intersex
lacking the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT
normal internal genitalia, poorly developed penis and scrotum
follicular phase
follicle growth in ovary and egg maturation FSH -> follicle growth estrogen -< FSH, LH late: high estrogen -> GnRH LH -> androgens
ovulation
ripened follicles and release of oocytes
high estrogen -> LH surge, FSH spike
high inhibin -< FSH, new follicle
low progesterone -> GnRH, LH
luteal phase
ruptured follicle into corpus luteum in preparation for pregnancy
corpus luteum -> progesterone, estrogen
high progesterone -> maintain endometrium
inhibin -< new follicle
late:
pregnancy: corpus luteum -> progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
no pregnancy: corpus luteum disintegrates
less progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
menses -> high FSH, high LH, new follicle
menses
no pregnancy, bleeding from uterus
proliferative phase
new layer of endometrium in preparation for pregnancy
secretory phase
conversion of endometrium to secretory structure
lipogenic effects of high fructose intake
increased body fat
increased dislipidemia
fatty liver syndrome
metabolic disorders of high fructose intake
decreased insulin sensitivity increased insulin resistance hyperinsulinemia interferes with ghrelin regulation leptin resistance
addison’s disease
low cortisol
cushing’s syndrome
high cortisol
grave’s disease
hyperthyroidism
osteoporosis
bone resorption > bone formation
acromegaly
excess growth hormone
dwarfism
low growth hormone
leptin
feedback from adipocytes to hypothalamus to decrease appetite
ghrelin
from stomach, peptide hormone that stimulates appetite
neuropeptide Y
brain neurotransmitter that stimulates appetite
cortisol
increases muscle breakdown to get glucose
decreases intestinal calcium absorption
suppresses immune system
increases lipolysis
low plasma calcium feedback loop
low plasma calcium CaSR (GPCR) on parathyroid gland ? parathyroid gland PTH kidney, bone kidney: inc renal reabsorption, inc calcitrol synth, which inc intestinal absorption bone: inc bone resorption increase in plasma calcium
