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Physiology > Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

major essential elements

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

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3
Q

isotopes

A

different mass, same protons

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4
Q

non-polar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally between atoms, no net charge

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5
Q

polar covalent bond

A

one atom has stronger pull on electrons, H2O, oxygen has more protons, pulls electrons, gets negative charge

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6
Q

hydrogen bond

A

opposite charges of polar molecules attract, holds water together and dna strands

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7
Q

NH2
COOH
OH
H2PO4

A

amino
carboxyl
hydroxyl
phosphate

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8
Q

4 categories of biomolecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides

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9
Q

carbohydrates

  • formula
  • monomer (ex)
  • polymer (ex)
A

most abundant

  • CH2O
  • monosaccharides (gluose, ribose)
  • polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)
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10
Q

polysaccharide storage

A

liver and muscle

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11
Q

breakdown of disaccharides

  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
A
  • sucrose = glucose + fructose
  • maltose = 2 glucose
  • lactose = glucose + galactose
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12
Q

lipids

  • make up
  • monomer
  • polymers
A
  • carbons and hydrogens, few oxygens
  • fatty acid (saturated or unsaturated)
  • triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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13
Q

saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated: no double bonds, bad
unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds, saturated with H+s

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14
Q

triglycerides makeup

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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15
Q

phospholipid makeup

A

phosphate + 2 fatty acids

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16
Q

eicosanoid makeup

A

C ring + 2 long carbon chain tails

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17
Q

steroid makeup

A

4 linked rings (cholesterol)

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18
Q

nucleotides

  • makeup
  • composition
  • monomer
  • polymer
  • function
A
  • N, C, H, O
  • base, sugar, phosphate
  • nucleotide
  • nucleic acids
  • transmit and store information, transfer energy, store energy, messanger
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19
Q

how bases pair

A

G=-C, A=T, A=U in RNA

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20
Q

proteins

  • makeup
  • monomer
  • polymer
  • levels of organization
A
  • C, H, O, N
  • amino acids
  • polypeptide/protein
  • primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
21
Q

protein structure

A

C attached to H, COOH, R, NH2 (clockwise from top)

22
Q

peptide bond

A

COOH + NH2 = OC-NH (released H2O)

23
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

24
Q

tertiary structure

A 
globular
-soluble in water
-carriers, enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters
-alpha helix primary
fibrous
-insoluble in water
-collagen, keratin
25
Q

quarternary structure

A

2+ tertiary subunits
fibrous -> collagen
globular -> hemoglobin

26
Q

acids vs bases

A

acids: give off H+
bases: take H+

27
Q

pH formula

A

pH = log (1/[H+])

28
Q

pH of blood

A

7.4, basic

29
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze chemical reactions

30
Q

membrane transporters

A

move substance across cell membranes

31
Q

signal molecules

A

communicators between cells of body, typically bind to proteins at the receiving end
hormones, neuropeptides

32
Q

receptors

A

bind signal molecules, precipitate action within cell

33
Q

binding proteins

A

bind and transport molecules (hemoglobin), protein chaperones, mostly in ECF

34
Q

immunoglobins

A

antibodies, immune response,

35
Q

regulatory proteins

A

transcription factors, regulation of gene expression

36
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to a protein

37
Q

induced-fit model

A

protein changes shape to better fit ligand

38
Q

proteolytic activator

A

removes peptide fragments from inactive protein to make it active

39
Q

allosteric activator

A

binds away from binding site, activates protein

40
Q

cofactors

A

bind to binding site to make it active

41
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

binds to binding site, blocks ligand

42
Q

allosteric inhibitor

A

binds away from binding site, inactivates protein

43
Q

covalent modulator

A

binds to protein and changes its activity

44
Q

agonist

A

synergist, works together

45
Q

antagonist

A

opposites, works against

46
Q

protein concentration factor

A

ever increasing

47
Q

ligand concentration factor

A

increases to a point, then levels out at saturation point

48
Q

buffer

A

minimizes changes of pH, takes excess H+ out of solution or contributes when running out
bicarbonate in blood

Physiology (16 decks)

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