Viruses For Research Flashcards

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1
Q

If viruses are given as vaccines do they produce an immune response

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of viral vaccine

A

Live / attenuated

Killed

Subtype

Gene delivery

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3
Q

What viruses are given in live vaccination and give example

A

Homologs which are less virulent eg vaccinia for small pox

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4
Q

Subtypes are giving either proteins from virus eg HA or NA from influenza or recombinant tech proteins, how

A

Protein can be removed from virus via detergent and purified

Or dna tech allows the gene for the protein to be cloned, amplified and then delivered from a vector eg yeast and purified

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5
Q

What kinds of genes can be delivered for vaccination

A

Spike protein gene which allows us to produce an immune response

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6
Q

How are the immune responses different in live/attenuated vs killed or subunit

A

Live produce both cell mediated response And also antibody production

Subtype or killed only produce antibodies

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7
Q

Why don’t killed or subunit ones produce a cell mediated response

A

They can’t reproduce

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8
Q

What is the most common way to attenuate a virus

A

Let it be cultured on 1 type of cell eg human

Then incubate it on cells of another host

This causes a drift/ mutation

It can no longer detect the previous host cells and can’t grow on them

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9
Q

How is a live recombinant vaccine (safe) made

A

The pathogenic gene from a virus is transferred to a viral vector and then injected rather than using a life virus itself

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10
Q

How is the covid vaccine an example of live recombinant vaccination

A

Adenovirus is used to insert the covid spike protein so that the sars virus doesn’t have to be injected

Still causes immune response

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11
Q

Why can viral dna be used for Virotherapy

A

They are easily manipulated eg to control its expression via promoters

They can easily infect and insert their dna eg via integrase enzymes

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12
Q

What is gene therapy

A

Converting a faulty gene into a new gene via viruses

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13
Q

What is ex vivo gene therapy

A

Cell removed from body and then manipulated with viral dna and then inserted back

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14
Q

Why is ex vivo gene therapy bad

A

Cells can be rejected

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15
Q

What is in vivo gene therapy

A

Replacing gene directly in body via virus / vector

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16
Q

What is an issue with in vivo gene therapy

A

Causes a immune response to the virus

17
Q

What is an example of gene therapy to target cancer cells

A

CAR T chimeric antigen on T cells which identifies proteins on cancer cells

18
Q

Is expression in gene therapy when using virus as a clone transient or permanent

A

Can be both depending on expression manipulation

19
Q

Which virus is usually used in gene therapy and why

A

Adenovirus

Has a long time expression

20
Q

What is oncolytic virotherapy

A

Where lytic viruses can target and kill cancer cells via using cancer cell proteins

21
Q

Which 3 things happen after tumour lysis via virotherapy

A

Inflammation

Virus can affect other cells

Produces immune response due to tumour antigen release

22
Q

What are the cons of oncolytic virotherapy

A

Some cancer cells are resistant to lysis

Virus causes an immune response

23
Q

What is phage therapy

A

Using viruses to kill bacteria

24
Q

What is major advantages of phage therapy

A

They kill specific bacteria only and also deal with bacterial resistance

25
Q

What happens if phage therapy lyses gram -ve bacteria

A

Release of endotoxins (lipid A) which can cause sepsis/ inflammatory response

26
Q

Why does phage therapy allow spread of bacterial resistance

A

Horizontal gene transfer

27
Q

Which enzymes allow phages to leave bacteria and how

A

Lysins

They cleave the cell wall of bacteria