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Microbiology And Immunology > Humoral (II) > Flashcards

Humoral (II) Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how antibodies are produced from the lymph nodes

A

Antigen comes into contact w BCR and activates B cells (complementary via clonal selection)

B cell differentiates and proliferates into memory B cells complementary/clones and also plasma cells which then secrete Bcr forming antibodies

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2
Q

What are the disulfide bonds between

A

H-H and H-L chains

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3
Q

How many variable VH and VL are there (antigen binding site)

A

2 of each (VL VH. VH VL)

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4
Q

Which chains can be glycosylated

A

Heavy chains

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5
Q

How many Constant light CL domains are there always

A

1

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6
Q

Do domain number of CH differ between antigens

A

Yes, can be 3 or 4 CH domains

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7
Q

What are domains

A

Folded globular units of proteins which can have functional units eg binding sites VL and VC

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8
Q

How many amino acids make up globular unit domains on ig

A

110

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9
Q

Which bond is present in domains

A

Disulfide bonds

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10
Q

What makes up the VL and CL (Vl 1 Cl 1)

A

2 beta sheets (globular domains) joined together and intrachain joined via disulfide bonds

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11
Q

Why are VL and VH antigen bs called HYPERVARIABLE sites

A

They have variable (HV) regions

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12
Q

How many hyper variable regions are there at VH and VL which determine specificity for antigen

A

3 for VH and 3 for VL = 6 in antibodies all together

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13
Q

Where are ig domains also found (not just in antibodies)

A

T cell receptors ( alpha and beta domains)

Mhc molecules

Cell adhesion molecules

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14
Q

What are the 5 antibody isotypes

A

M A D G E

Mu, alpha , delta , gamma, epsilon

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15
Q

What is an antibody isotype differentiation

A

The CH region only. The rest is same

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of light chain called

A

Kappa and lamda

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17
Q

What is antibody valency

A

Number of antibody valency / binding sites eg igm has 10 (it has 5 ig) most have 2

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18
Q

What holds 5 ig together to form Igm

A

J chain

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19
Q

Why isn’t Igm a problem for donation of blood

A

Can’t cross placenta

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20
Q

Which ig is produced FIRST IN PRIMARY RESPONSE ALWAYS

A

Igm ( then branches off to others)

21
Q

How many domains does the mu / heavy chain on Igm have

A

5- 1 x VH

4 x CH

22
Q

Which antibody has high avidity

A

Igm

23
Q

How is Igm low affinity improved

A

Pre affinity maturation

24
Q

What is missing on an Igm

A

Hinge region between fab and fc

25
Q

What is Igm main function

A

C1q activation and opsonisation

26
Q

How many domains does igG have on its gamma Heavy chain

A

4- 1 x VH 3 x CH

27
Q

Which antibody is most prevalent in serum

A

IgG

28
Q

Which antibody is most likely in the secondary response (first is Igm)

A

IgG

29
Q

How many subtypes of IgG is there and why

A

4

They are produced at diff times, structure different and hinge is different

30
Q

How many IgG are needed for c1q activation

A

2

31
Q

How does IgG allow passive immunity

A

Can cross the placenta from mother

32
Q

How does iga travel different in serum than mucosa

A

Monomer in serum

Joined by J chain to form a dimer in mucosal surfaces

33
Q

Which cells give iga a secretory component to get to mucosal sites

A

Epithelial cells

34
Q

How many domains does a chain have on iga

A

4

1 VH 3 CH

35
Q

Which subtype of iga is in serum and which in mucosa as a dimer

A

Iga 1 is serum

Iga 2 dimer in mucosa

36
Q

How does iga dimer form protection on mucosal surfaces

A

Stops pathogen adhesion

Neutralises toxins By binding and macrophages

Stops commensals entering blood

37
Q

Where is iga predominant

A

In secretions such as milk

38
Q

Which 2 antibodies are lowest in serum

A

D and E (e lowest)

39
Q

Which 2 ig can be co expressed on Bcells as bcr together

A

Igm and igd

40
Q

What do igd stimulate basophils and mast cells to release

A

AMPs eg defensins

41
Q

How many domains does delta have

A

4

1 VH
3 CH

42
Q

How many domains does Ige have

A

5

4 CH like Igm does

43
Q

What is the most important job of ige

A

Bind to fc receptors on basophils and mast cells and cause histamine degranulation

44
Q

Why do antibodies ige cause anaphylaxis

A

Release of histamine causes circulatory shock

45
Q

Which area is there no Ig

A

Brain

46
Q

Which 2 are present in serum most (ecf)

A

IgG and igA monomer

47
Q

How can antibody switching occur from Igm to others

A

Dna cleavage of the constant heavy chain

48
Q

Are the different isotypes for constant heavy on different genes

A

Yes but same chromosome

Microbiology And Immunology (33 decks)

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