Immune System L31

Question 1

What happens first in infection at a wound

Answer 1

Phagocytosis, complement, amp release at epithelial, apc (dendritic)

Question 2

Where does dendritic apc go to and what happens

Answer 2

Down lymphatics to lymph node and activates B and T cells via antigen/MHC

These then released eg antibodies and Th cells and this causes attraction of phagocytes, NK, eosinophils etc

Question 3

How are intracellular cytoplasmic pathogens killed

Answer 3

Cytotoxic T cells

NK cells

(Both have perforin and granzymes)

Question 4

How are intracellular vesicle pathogens dealt with

Answer 4

T cell or NK cell activation of macrophages

Question 5

What is indirect pathogenicity

Answer 5

Symptoms from immune reaction

Question 6

Give examples of indirect pathogenicity via immune system

Answer 6

Host cell - antibody response

Immune complexes (antigen antibody clumps)

Cytotoxic damage to normal host cells

Question 7

What are the 2 types of leprocy

Answer 7

Tuberculoid (mild)

Lepromatous (severe)

Question 8

Why is tuberculoid leprocy easier to deal with

Answer 8

Normal T cell response, local inflammation, TH1 response eg via IFN y = phagocytosis

Question 9

Which antibody is high with lepromatous leprosy

Answer 9

IgG

Question 10

Which Th response happens with lepromatous leprocy which is inappropriate

Answer 10

Th2- causes IgE switching and mast cell activation etc and eosinophils

Eg via IL 4

Question 11

What is difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 11

Primary - rare genetic defect

Secondary- immunosuppressives, stress, pregnant

Question 12

Why would things like herpes 8 and hepatitis C cause tumours in immunodeficiency

Answer 12

Lack of ability for NK cells/ cytotoxic cells to fight off tumour cells

Herpes and hep can introduce oncogenes to grow Tumour cells

Question 13

Which deficiency causes lack of B cells and antibodies to fight extracellular/ free pathogens

Answer 13

X linked a gamma globulin anaemia

Question 14

What would grow if there was iga deficiency

Answer 14

Pathogens in secretory areas eg respiratory tract

Question 15

What is immunopathology

Answer 15

Excessive immune response eg autoimmune, allergy , infection

Question 16

How is covid an immunopathology

Answer 16

Causes unregulated cytokine storm when epithelial cells engulfed

Cause low lymphophenia in blood (go to tissues)

Question 17

What are type 1-3 hypersensitivity caused by

Answer 17

Antibodies

Question 18

Give example of type 1 hypersensitivity via antibodies

Answer 18

Ige over stimulation via allergy antigens eg pollen to bind to fc receptors on mast cells to release histamine

Question 19

What can type 1 hypersensitivity usually cause

Answer 19

Anaphylaxis as too much vasodilation , bronchospasm via histamine

Question 20

Give an example of type II hypersensitivity

Answer 20

Crossing of igG eg anti rhesus antibody to placenta and child with rhesus +ve causes anemia (lysis of rbc)

Question 21

What is a disease caused by type III sensitivity

Answer 21

Lupus

Question 22

What happens in type III lupus

Answer 22

Autoantibodies IGG form complex with host dna antigens and cause deposits = rash etc

Question 23

What is type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 23

Cell mediated attack

Question 24

What is an example of type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 24

Diabetes

Pancreatic B cells with mhc 1 are killed by cytotoxic CD8

Question 25

Who are autoimmune diseases more common in

Answer 25

Females

Question 26

NK and cytotoxic kill tumour cells, how have vaccines been made for tumour cells

Answer 26

Taken antigens from tumour cell and delivered it to form antibodies against it

Question 27

Which vaccine has been used for tumour shrinkage

Answer 27

BCG (TB)