Eukaryotic Microbes

Question 1

Name a few things eukaryotic microbes are important for

Answer 1

Food and biotech- yeast culture

Ecology - decomposers, primary producers

Question 2

Can eukaryotic microbes also be microbiota mutualists or parasites?

Answer 2

Yes, they can live in us

Question 3

How are eukaryotic microbes evolutionarily analysed

Answer 3

Via SSU rRNA

Unlike 16s rRNA with prokaryotes

They use 18s RRNA

Question 4

Which rRNA is used for mitochondria analysis and plastid genome analysis

Answer 4

12 s rRNA

Question 5

Is mitochondria genome circular or linear

Answer 5

Both

Question 6

What does the mt genome encode

Answer 6

Proteins for OP and rRNA/trna for protein synthesis

Question 7

Where are most proteins for mt encoded and how do they get to mitochondria

Answer 7

Nucleus then translocate via TOM and TIM23 using ATPase

Question 8

What did the archaezoa hypothesis suggest

Answer 8

The nucleus came before the mitochondria endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium

Suggested first eukaryotes were anaerobes

Question 9

Which 3 reasons was the archaezoan hypothesis wrong

Answer 9

1- archaezoa were aerobes too

2- mt genes found in archaezoa genome

3- double membrane organelles derived from mitochondria found in all archaezoans

Question 10

Give example of a mt gene found on archezoan genome

Answer 10

Hsp70

Question 11

Name the 5 major lineages of eukaryotes

Answer 11

1- opisthokonta

2- excavata

3- amoebozoa

4- archaeplastida

5- SAR

Question 12

Which 3 organisms are in the SAR lineage

Answer 12

Stramenopiles

Alveolata

Rhizaria

Question 13

Give example of opisthokonta lineage eukaryotes

Answer 13

Animals, fungi, MICROSPORIDIA

Question 14

Give an example of excavata

Answer 14

Euglena

Question 15

Give example of archaeplastida

Answer 15

Plants

Red algae

Question 16

Which 2 organelles are thought to be the homologs of mitochondria in archaea / eukaryotes

Answer 16

Hydrogenosomes

Mitosomes

Question 17

What are 3 characteristics of hydrogenosomes

Answer 17

Produce hydrogen

Produce atp via substrate level phosphorylation

Some have a genome like mt do

Question 18

Give 3 characteristics of mitosomes

Answer 18

Reduced size

No genome

No atp production

Question 19

Which 2 areas do eukaryotes without full mt but the other 2 live

Answer 19

In anaerobic areas (under sea etc)

Intracellular in the body (parasitic or microbiota)

Question 20

Give an example of a microbiota intracellular

Answer 20

MICROSPORIDIA (opisthokonta)

Question 21

Why is it important for all eukaryotes to have a mt organelle even if it’s not in use

Answer 21

Possess the protein machinery for Fe S clusters

Question 22

Why is Fe S clusters possessed by mt important

Answer 22

Electron transfer

Dna synthesis

Protein synthesis

Protein scaffolding

Question 23

The circular genome of plastids have 2 inverted repeats of which gene

Answer 23

rRNA genes

Question 24

What genes are common in plastics

Answer 24

Ones for photosynthesis

Question 25

What is the difference between primary endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis of plastics

Answer 25

Primary- eukaryotes/archaea which directly endosymbiosed Cyanobacteria

Secondary - a euk cell which endosymbiosed another euk cell containing a plastid endosymbiont

Question 26

Which eukaryotic lineage has a primary plastid

Answer 26

Archaeplastida eg red algae / plants

Question 27

Give an example of a free living stramenopile

Answer 27

Diatoms- algae which live in water

Question 28

Stramenopiles can also be parasitic , give example

Answer 28

Oomycetes (plant parasite)

Blastocystis (animal gut parasite)

Question 29

Give 3 examples of alveolata

Answer 29

Dinoflagellates

Ciliates

Apicomplexa

Question 30

Is dinoflagellates free living or parasitic

Answer 30

Free living

Question 31

Are ciliates free living or parasitic

Answer 31

Both

Question 32

Are apicomplexa free living or parasitic

Answer 32

Parasitic in animals