Intro To Immunity Flashcards
What are the 2 ways to gain immunity
Actively - via infection (natural) or artificially via vaccine
Passively - gain antibodies from mother (natural) or plasma with antibodies (artificial)
What does innate response mean
Response from birth
No memory
Limited protection
Happens before infection
Give examples of innate responses from birth before infection
Inflammation, phagocytosis , NK cells, interferons
How is adaptive immunity different
Only occurs after infection not from birth
Has memory for secondary exposure
Slower response because specific recognition
Which response uses immune organs
Adaptive
Give 6 events in adaptive immunity
Apc and T cell bind
T cell activates and proliferates/ differentiates
B cells become actives
Some mature into plasma cells
Memory (effector) t and B cells produce
Antibodies produced by plasma cells
Why would pregnancy cause higher infection
Immunosuppression happens
Why antibodies pass from mother to child in natural passive immunity
IGG
Why does stress cause immunosuppression
Release of cortisol from hypothalamus
Explain the structure of antibodies
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains
Heavy chains linked via disulfide bonds (S-S)
The top is called variable regions , bottom is constant region
What is serology
Measures antibodies to measure how effective a vaccination is
Serology such as latex agglutination or Elisa is used for specific interactions
What is clonal selection
Identifying the right lymphocyte for the antigen (many from 1 common lymphoid progenitor)
What is clonal deletion
The removal of lymphocytes which are immature self reactive with an antigen
Stops auto immunity
What is on a lymphocyte which is specific
Receptor
What cells are produced when antigen binds to lymphocytes
Effector cells which are identical in specificity
Name 4 things produced by the lymphoid progenitor
B cells, T cells, NK , ILC
Where are the 4 things produced by lymphoid progenitor produced
Lymph nodes
What do macrophages and other leukocytes stem from
The macrophage/granulocyte progenitor from the common myeloid progenitor
What do the myeloblast differentiate into
Neutrophils, eosino phils, baso phils and monocytes
What do monocytes differentiate into
Dendritic cells and macrophages
What are the tissues called where lymphocytes are produced
Primary lymphoid tissues
What are the 2 immune organs that are primary lymphoid organs
Thymus and bone marrow
Which lymphocytes develop in the thymus (central lymphoid organ)
T cells
Why is the bone marrow a central lymphoid organ (primary lymphoid tissue)
Because the haematopoietic stem cells come from the bone marrow and differentiate in to the lymphoid and myeloid progenitors
Name some examples of secondary lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes, MALT, spleen, tonsils
Why is it suggested adaptive immune response only happens at secondary lymphoid tissues like the lymph nodes or spleen
This is where lymphocytes circulate in the blood or lymph and can bind to antigens to cause response / proliferation
What are the vessels going in to lymph node and out
Afferent and efferent lymphatics (carry the lymphocytes)
Where in the lymph node is B cells found
Primary follicle
Where are active B cells found in the lymph nodes
Germinal centres of the secondary follicles
Which area are T cells found in the lymph node
Paracortixal area
Why is MALT secondary lymphoid tissue different to lymph nodes
It is non capsulated unlike the other secondary lymphoid tissues like spleen and nodes
Where are MALT found
Intestines and respiratory tracts
Where are the respiratory malts found
Nasopharyngeal tissue (in adenoids and tonsils)
And also bronchi lymphoid tissue
Where are intestinal malts found
Peyers patch in small intestine
And follicles in intestinal mucosae
