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Dealing with Threats > Virology 4: DNA Viruses > Flashcards

Virology 4: DNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main types of herpesviridae

A

alphaherpesvirinae, beta, gamma

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2
Q

What is the approximate size range of herpes viruses

A

200-250 nm in diameter

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3
Q

Is herpes virus DNA or RNA? Double or single stranded?

A

Double stranded DNA

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4
Q

How does herpes virus enter cells?

A

by fusing with cell membrane

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5
Q

Where does herpes virus replicate?

A

In nucleus of host cells

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6
Q

What is herpes virus seen histologically as?

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies

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7
Q

Herpes virus becomes latent in _______
What does this mean?

A

sensory ganglia
animals will be subclinically infected and clinical disease manifests in times of stress

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8
Q

In latent infection when does disease manifest?

A

During times of stress

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9
Q

What is meant by herpes virus being labile in environment?

A

needs close contact for transmission

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10
Q

For labile viruses such as herpes what is an effective control method?

A

quarantine

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11
Q

What type of cells do alpha herpesvirus infect?

A

epithelial or endothelial cells such as skin, mm, tracheal mucosa, liver, brain

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12
Q

What does active infection of alpha herpes virus lead to?

A

Cell death such as ulcers, erosions, hepatocellular necrosis, vasculitis

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13
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus 1 is a type of _________

A

alphaherpesvirinae

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14
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of Bovine Herpesvirus 1

A

BHV 1.1, 1.2 (1.2a, 1.2b)

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15
Q

What does BHV1.1 affect?

A

respiratory (IBR) and reproductive (abortion)

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16
Q

What is BHV 1.2 affect?

A

Genital (infectious pustular valvovaginitis)

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17
Q

Which causes abortions, BHV 1.2a or 1.2b

A

1.2a

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18
Q

How is BHV-1 subtype 1.1 transmitted and why?

A

Aerosol transmission (nose-to-nose) as the virus replicates in the mm of the upper respiratory tract and large amounts of virus are shed in nasal secretions

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19
Q

Is BHV-1 subtype 1.1 ever latent? Where? When/does it become reactivated?

A

latent in the trigeminal ganglia and reactivated during times of stress

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20
Q

In BHV-1, 1.1 ___________ develops but _________ can result in severe disease

A

strong immunity
secondary bacterial infections

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21
Q

What is IBR

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

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22
Q

What is reproductive disease pertaining to IBR?

A

viremia in preg cows and infection of fetus resulting in abortion
multifocal hepatic necrosis in fetus with intranuclear inclusions

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23
Q

IBR respiratory disease can predispose bovine to

A

secondary bacterial pneumonia - bovine respiratory disease complex

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24
Q

Equine Herpes virus 1 is part of

A

alphaherpesvirusvirinae

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25
Q

What are the 2 strains of EHV1?

A

D752
N752

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26
Q

What can a single nucleotide change in EHV1 result in?

A

more severe disease

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27
Q

What is EHV1 D752?

A

Respiratory (rhinopneumonitis)/reproductive (abortion)/neurologic

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28
Q

What is EHV1 N752?

A

respiratory/reproductive/non-neurologic

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29
Q

EHV-1 and EHV-4 is

A

equine rhinopneumonitis

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30
Q

Where does equine rhinopneumonitis replicate?

A

mm of upper respiratory tract and regional lymph nodes

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31
Q

Where does equine rhinopneumonitis become latent? When is it reactivated?

A

trigeminal ganglia
time of stress

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32
Q

In what ways does equine rhinopneumonitis cause respiratory disease?

A

Rhinitis
tracheitis
may extend into lungs especially in small animals

33
Q

In what ways does equine rhinopneumonitis cause reproductive disease?

A

viremia in preg mares results in abortion
EHV-1 has predilection for vascular endothelium resulting in placental vasculitis and thrombosis
multifocal hepatic necrosis in fetus with intranuclear inclusions

34
Q

What is equine herpes myeloencephalopathy typically associated with?

A

D752

35
Q

What does equine herpes myeloencephalopathy follow

A

outbreak of respiratory disease or abortion on the farm

36
Q

What does equine herpes myeloencephalopathy lead to?

A

vasculitis, necrosis, and hemorrhage in spinal cord and brain

37
Q

How is canine herpesvirus 1 transmitted?

A

aerosol or in utero (thru placenta)

38
Q

Where does canine herpesvirus 1 replicate?

A

mm of upper respiratory tract, pharynx, and tonsils

39
Q

Where does canine herpesvirus 1 become latent and when does it reactivate?

A

trigeminal ganglia
during times of stress

40
Q

Where are large amounts of canine herpesvirus 1 shed?

A

nasal and vaginal secretions

41
Q

In canine herpesvirus 1, what temperatures is replication most efficient?

A

below body temp

42
Q

What age are dogs most susceptible to canine herpesvirus

A

neonatal pups in first 3 weeks of life

43
Q

What happens if dam is infected with canine herpesvirus within 3 weeks of whelping?

A

puppies will be infected through placenta

44
Q

Canine herpesvirus can infect _______ of the litter

A

the entirety

45
Q

True or False: Canine herpesvirus causes high morbidity and mortality

A

True

46
Q

Once a dam develops immunity to Canine herpesvirus what will happen to subsequent litters?

A

unaffected

47
Q

What post mortem changes will occur in dead puppies whose cause of death was Canine Herpesvirus?

A

multifocal necrosis in multiple organs and hemorrhage in kidneys with intranuclear inclusions

48
Q

How is Feline herpesvirus 1/Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis transmitted?

A

aerosol transmission - nose to nose contact since large amounts of virus are shed in nasal secretions

49
Q

Where does Feline Herpesvirus 1 replicate?

A

in mm of upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva

50
Q

Where does Feline Herpesvirus 1 become latent and when does is it reactivated?

A

trigeminal ganglia
times of stress

51
Q

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis account for __% of respiratory disease in cats

A

40%

52
Q

Feline viral rhinotracheitis is a(n) _______ upper respiratory tract infection causing what 3 common symptoms?

A

Acute
sneezing, hypersalivation, and conjunctivitis

53
Q

What can feline viral rhinotracheitis lead to?

A

ulcerative keratitis

54
Q

Secondary bacterial infections caused by feline viral rhinotracheitis can result in

A

pneumonia

55
Q

What is porcine herpesvirus-1 called in pigs?

A

Aujeszky’s disease

56
Q

Porcine Herpesvirus 1 or Aujeszky’s disease in pigs is called ______ in other species

A

pseudorabies

57
Q

True or False: PHV-1 is the only alphaherpesviruses that can infect other species but is not zoonotic

A

TRUE

58
Q

How is Aujeszky’s disease transmitted?

A

aerosol - nose-to-nose transmission

59
Q

Where does Aujeszky’s disease replicate?

A

epithelium of oropharynx and tonsils

60
Q

Where does Aujeszky’s disease spread?

A

regional lymph nodes and brain via cranial nerves

61
Q

Where is Aujeszky’s disease shed?

A

nasal secretions, milk, and semen

62
Q

Where does Aujeszky’s disease become latent and when is it reactivated?

A

trigeminal ganglia
times of stress

63
Q

Mortality rate of Aujeszky’s disease can reach almost _____% in suckling pigs

A

100%

64
Q

What age does neurologic signs of Aujeszky’s disease predominate in?

A

young pigs

65
Q

What can infection of Aujeszky’s disease in sows result in?

A

abortion with hepatic necrosis and intranuclear inclusions in fetus

66
Q

What does pseudorabies in other species manifest as

A

severe neurologic disease and pruritis and death within a few days

67
Q

Compare and contrast herpesvirus in cats, dogs, pigs, and horses

A

cats - not usually associated with abortion
dogs - neonatal death
pigs - can be transmitted to other species
horses - neurologic form infects endothelial cells

68
Q

In which species is herpesvirus NOT associated with abortion?

A

cats

69
Q

In which species is herpesvirus associated with neonatal death?

A

dogs

70
Q

In which species can herpesvirus be transmitted to other species?

A

pig

71
Q

In which species does the neurologic form of herpesvirus infect endothelial cells?

A

horses

72
Q

What do gammaherpesviruses infect?

A

lymphocytes

73
Q

What can gammherpesvirus cause?

A

neoplastic transformation

74
Q

________ produces latent infection in lymphocytes

A

gammaherpesvirus

75
Q

Malignant Catarrhal Fever is associated with which 3 gammaherpesviruses?

A

Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2, alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1, and caprine gammaherpesvirus 2

76
Q

Which species are affected by malignant catarrhal fever?

A

cattle, deer, giraffes, pigs, bison

77
Q

True or False: In Malignant Catarrhal Fever, there is no clinical disease in natural reservoir hosts but severe disease can occur in susceptible hosts

A

TRUE

78
Q

When do sheep shed Malignant Catarrhal Fever?

A

during lambing

79
Q

What are some examples of clinical signs in susceptible hosts of Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

vasculitis (hemorrhage)
primary necrosis of epithelium
corneal edema
mucopurulent nasal discharge
GI and bladder hemorrhage
neurologic dx
cutaneous dx
fatal lymphoproliferative dx

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