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Dealing with Threats > Bacteriology - Pyogranulomas > Flashcards

Bacteriology - Pyogranulomas Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells will be seen in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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2
Q

Pyogenic bacteria causes suppurative inflammation primarily acting as __________

A

extracellular bacteria

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3
Q

Underlying disease process is usually of one ________ and ________

A

suppuration and abscess formation

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4
Q

What are the 4 main types of pyogenic bacteria?

A

staphylococci
streptococci
cornyebacteria
trueperella

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5
Q

Which bacteria are a mixture of acute and chronic inflammation?

A

pyogranulomatous

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6
Q

How do pyogranulomatus cause inflammation?

A

by acting both extra and intracellularly

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7
Q

How can pyogranulomatus avoid being killed?

A

evading intracellular destruction

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8
Q

How can we overcome bacteria evading intracellular destruction?

A

through cell mediated immunity which can be achieved by vaccines

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9
Q

What are the rules of thumb regarding Gram positive rods

A

less frequent isolated than other groups of bacteria
tend to cause syndromes - can give presumptive diagnosis
if more information is needed definitive diagnosis is needed

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10
Q

What are the 3 main types of actinomycetes?

A

actinomycetes
nocardia
dermatophilus

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11
Q

What is an important diptheroid gram positive bacteria?

A

rhodococcus

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12
Q

What are the oxygen requirements of
Actinomycetes
Nocardia
Dermatophilus

A

A - FA or ANO2
N - strict aerobes
D - strict aerobes

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13
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of pyogranulomatous

A

gram +
filamentous
branching rods

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14
Q

What are distinguishing features of rhodococcus?

A

gram +, short club shaped rods

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15
Q

What is meant by actinomyces being an opportunistic disease?

A

requires something to allow access of organism into diseased sit and disease is NEAR where they are normal flora

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16
Q

Most species of actinomyces are normal flora of what two areas?

A

oral cavity and GIT

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17
Q

Which Actinomycetes is considered to be a saprophyte? What does this mean?

A

Saprophytes
found in soil and decaying vegetation

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18
Q

While nocardia is considered to be opportunistic, it is considered to be a ______ pathogen. What does this mean?

A

poor
requires significant compromise

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19
Q

Which Actinomycete is considered to be an obligate parasite of the skin but can survive in the environment for a long time

A

dermatophilus congolensis?

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20
Q

Who is considered to be a reservoir to dermatophilus congolensis?

A

carrier animals or fomites

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21
Q

Which Actinomycete requires alteration of the skin for invasion, typically wetting?

A

Dermatophilus congolensis

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22
Q

How can dermatophilus be transferred from an infected/carrier animal to a susceptible one?

A

rub against each other (contagious)
transferred by insects (flies, ticks)
by contaminated fomites (scabs, sheep dips, brushes)

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23
Q

Where do Rhodococci equi come from?

A

saprophytes
found in soil
secondary in GIT of horses
animal manure
inhalation or ingestion

24
Q

What are the virulence factors of nocardia?

A

mycolic acid and cell wall lipids

25
Q

What are the virulence factors of dermatophilus?

A

motile zoospores aid invasion

26
Q

What are the virulence factors of Rhodococcus?

A

plasmid mediated, VapA

27
Q

Which two of the Actinomycetes are facultative intracellular parasites?

A

nocardia
Rhodococcus

28
Q

What “syndrome” does actinomyces bovis cause? In what species?

A

Lumpy Jaw in cattle

29
Q

What does lumpy jaw require to cause disease?

A

some alteration to mucusa/skin to allow access of organism into site of disease production

30
Q

What are some examples of mucosal/skin alteration that allows actinomyces bovis to gain access into organism?

A

grass awns
sharp feed
impacted feed

31
Q

What does Lumpy Jaw result in?

A

chronic pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis of the mandible or maxilla

32
Q

What clinical signs are seen with lumpy jaw? What are the signs caused by?

A

hard, non-painful lumps on the head of cattle caused by impairment of function

33
Q

What 3 “syndromes” will actinomyces spp cause? (Including Actinomyces bovis)

A

lumpy jaw
abscesses
serositis

34
Q

What are abscesses?

A

pyogranulomatous lesions

35
Q

What do abscesses occur secondary to?

A

bite or traumatic injury

36
Q

What flora are involved in abscesses?

A

mixed

37
Q

What is serositis? What is it caused by? What species is it often seen in?

A

inflammation of serous membrane seen in dogs and cats caused by direct instillation such as trauma or fighting

38
Q

What 3 “syndromes” are seen in nocardia spp.

A

pyothorax/peritonitis
abscesses
bovine mastitis

39
Q

What is a distinguishing histological feature of nocardia?

A

beading or branching filaments

40
Q

Who does pyothorax/peritonitis affect?

A

dogs and cats who are immunocompromised

41
Q

What is bovine mastitis associated with? Is it curable?

A

intramammary infusions
poor prognosis - cull

42
Q

What syndrome does D. congolensis cause?

A

dermatophilosis - rain scald, greasy heel, lumpy wool, strawberry footrot

43
Q

What species is affected by dermatophilosis?

A

mostly ruminants and horses

44
Q

When does dermatophilosis commonly occur?

A

prolonged wet conditions causing skin maceration which allows organisms to invade epidermis

45
Q

What is the basic lesion of dermatophilosis?

A

exudative dermatitis with thick scab formation

46
Q

Explain the life cycle of dermatophilus

A

motile cocci (zoospores) elongate into rods, divide into multiple planes, motile cocci (zoospores)

47
Q

What 2 main diseases do rhodococcus equi cause?

A

rattles
cellulitis/lymphadentis

48
Q

What is rattles?

A

pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia of foals causing significant morbidity and mortality

49
Q

What disease can be associated with type III hypersensitivity?

A

rattles

50
Q

What is cellulitis/lymphadentis?

A

pyogranulomatous lesions that spread to lymph nodes in cats

51
Q

What are 4 steps to diagnose infections?

A
  1. signalment, history, clinical signs
  2. obtain sample from lesions
  3. perform a gram stain/diff quik
  4. suspect either actinomyces of nocardia
52
Q

What are 3 ways to treat infections?

A
  1. surgical debridement, excision, or drainage
  2. topical therapy
  3. antibiotics
53
Q

What are the drugs of choice for actinomyces and dermatophilus?

A

penicillin +/- streptomycin or tetracyclines

54
Q

Penicillin +/- streptomycin are not the drugs of choice for nocardia or rhodococcus. Why?

A

They are intracellular - those antibiotics do not go into the cell

55
Q

What is the drug of choice for rhodococcus?

A

macrolides AND rifampin

56
Q

Why is susceptibility testing recommended for nocardia?

A

unpredictable

Dealing with Threats (27 decks)

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