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Dealing with Threats > Prions and Tumor Viruses > Flashcards

Prions and Tumor Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are prions?

A

infectious proteinaceous particles without nucleic acid

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2
Q

What is the incubation period associated with prions?

A

long

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3
Q

What are the neuropathological changes associated with prions?

A

vacuolation of neurons

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4
Q

Prions are abnormal ________ of normal _________

A

folding
glycoprotein

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5
Q

What is the native protein of a prion and what is its structure

A

PrPc
a-helical structure

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6
Q

What cells are prions present in?

A

normal cells including lymphocytes and neurons

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7
Q

When PrPc interacts with PrPsc what is its conformation?

A

B-sheet

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8
Q

PrPsc accumulates where? What does this accumulation lead to?

A

neurons
leads to vacuolation and development of neurologic signs

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9
Q

What are the 3 ways in which transmissible spongiform encephalopathy can arise?

A

Transmissible in external sources
sporadic conversion
familial mutation

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10
Q

What is scrapie and what species does it affect?

A

fatal neurologic disease of adult sheep and goats

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11
Q

Why is scrapie usually seen in breeding aged sheep?

A

due to long incubation period

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12
Q

What are the typical clinical signs of scrapie?

A

restlessness/nervousness
pruritis leading to loss of wool
emaciation
death within 6 months

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13
Q

What would you see histologically in a scrapie case?

A

no inflammation only vacuolation of neurons

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14
Q

True or false: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is not considered species specific

A

TRUE

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15
Q

What was the BSE epidemic attributed to?

A

feeding meat and bone meal of sheep to cattle

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16
Q

What led to a decline in BSE? What are the control measures in the US?

A

banning of ruminant-derived meat and bone meal
control measures include incarceration of small ruminant carcasses and brains and spinal cords of cattle older than 30 months

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of BSE?

A

ataxia, hypermetria, tendency to fall

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18
Q

Is there horizontal transmission of BSE?

A

NO

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19
Q

What is chronic wasting disease (CWD)

A

TSE of elk, mule, deer, and moose

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20
Q

What are clinical signs of CWD?

A

chronic weight loss, behavioral changes, ataxia, tremors

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21
Q

What is the transmission of CWD thought to be caused by?

A

contamination of grass or in utero

22
Q

What is BSE thought to have developed from?

A

Sheep scrapie

23
Q

Which TSE variant can infect humans? Which cannot?

A

BSE can infect humans but sheep and deer variants cannot

24
Q

Which TSE can be transmitted via infected pasture?

A

scrapie and CWD

25
Q

What is BSE transmitted by?

A

ingesting brains and spinal cords

26
Q

What do retroviruses contain?

A

reverse transcriptase

27
Q

Are retroviruses labile or stable? RNA or DNA? enveloped or non-enveloped?

A

Labile, enveloped RNA viruses

28
Q

What is the dsDNA of retroviruses integrated as in the host?

A

provirus

29
Q

What is the insertion of a retrovirus determined by?

A

random - chance

30
Q

Retroviruses can be endogenous or exogenous. Explain the difference

A

endogenous is widespread, can constitute 10% of genome, transmitted by vertical transmission, and usually silent but can recombine with exogenous retroviruses

exogenous can be horizontal transmission

31
Q

What do oncogenic retroviruses induce in the cells they infect?

A

neoplastic transformation

32
Q

What type of retrovirus is Feline Leukemia Virus

A

gamma retrovirus

33
Q

What do most clinical FeLV infections manifest as?

A

anemia or immunosuppression

34
Q

What are the subgroups of FeLV?

A

A, B, C, T

35
Q

What subgroup of FeLV do all positive cats have? How would they acquire the others?

A

ALL HAVE A
can have others through mutation

36
Q

What do cats infected with FeLV A and B have a higher risk of?

A

developing tumors

37
Q

What does FeLV A and C result in?

A

fatal anemia

38
Q

What is FeLV T associated with?

A

T-cell tropic –> immune deficiency

39
Q

What cats are more at risk or more likely to be infected with FeLV?

A

domestic
outdoor
purebred
multi-cat household
Young cats

40
Q

What are common ways of transmission of FeLV?

A

direct contact with saliva
fleas
iatrogenic
vertical transmission
nursing, milk

41
Q

What are the virus target cells of FeLV?

A

mitotically active cells

42
Q

FeLV infected cells are more likely to develop _______ or _________ with ________ being the most common

A

leukemia or lymphoma
lymphoma is most common

43
Q

What is enzootic bovine leukosis?

A

retroviral disease of adult cattle

44
Q

What is enzootic bovine leukosis characterized by?

A

persistent lymphocytosis and B-cell lymphoma

45
Q

What is enzootic bovine leukosis transmitted by?

A

blood or secretions, milk, iatrogenic

46
Q

What is the primary target cell of enzootic bovine leukosis?

A

B lyymphocyte

47
Q

What is the infection time of enzootic bovine leukosis?

A

lifelong with most sub-clinically infected

48
Q

What are common sites of enzootic bovine leukosis?

A

lymph nodes, heart, GIT (abomasum), liver, spleen, uterus, kidney

49
Q

If you saw a lymphoma in a calve or a thymic lymphoma what would you say its relation is to BLV?

A

no association

50
Q

Which retrovirus is associated with T cell lymphoma? B cell lymphoma?

A

FeLV
BLV

Dealing with Threats (27 decks)

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