Inflammation

Question 1

Define inflammation

Answer 1

well organized cascade of fluid and cellular changes within vascularized tissue as a host response to remove damage/necrotic tissue or foreign invaders

Question 2

Inflammation is part of the process of _______ and _______

Answer 2

repair and healing

Question 3

Explain how inflammation is a fundamentally protective process

Answer 3

gets rid of pathogens
removes necrotic debris
facilitates remodeling

Question 4

What are some examples of inflammation being harmful

Answer 4

rheumatoid arthritis
cirrhosis
type 2 diabetes
Alzheimers
atherosclerosis

Question 5

What are the two types of inflammation

Answer 5

acute or chronic

Question 6

Compare acute vs chronic inflammation

Answer 6

Acute is rapid and shorter duration, chronic is longer duration

Question 7

What is acute inflammation characterized by?

Answer 7

exudation of fluid and plasma protein (edema) and emigration of leukocytes (mostly neutrophils)

Question 8

What cells will be seen in chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

macrophages
lymphocytes

Question 9

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 9

heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 10

Does acute or chronic inflammation lead to proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue (fibrosis)?

Answer 10

chronic

Question 11

With inflammation being part of repair and healing, how does the body initiate this?

Answer 11

destroys, dilutes, and walls off injurious agents

Question 12

What are the 3 main components of acute inflammation

Answer 12

1. vascular alteration leading to increased blood flow
2. changes in microvasculature permeability that allow plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation
3. emigration of leukocytes into perivascular area

Question 13

What are some examples of stimuli for acute inflammation?

Answer 13

infection
trauma
physical and chemical agents
tissue necrosis
foreign body
immune reactions

Question 14

Explain characteristics of exudate produced by acute inflammation

Answer 14

inflammation extravascular fluid with
high protein concentration (>5 g/dL)
high cell content (>5000 leukocytes/mL)
high specific gravIty (>1.020)

Question 15

When is exudate formed?

Answer 15

when there is significant alteration in small blood vessel permeability at site of injury

Question 16

Explain characteristics of transudate

Answer 16

extravascular fluid with
low protein conc. (<2 g/dL)
low cell content (<1500 leuk/mL)
low specific gravity (<1.012)

Question 17

What is an ultrafiltrate of blood?

Answer 17

increased hydrostatic pressure (ie congestive heart failure)
decreased oncotic pressure (hypoproteinemia)

Question 18

Define effusion

Answer 18

Pleural effusion is the accumulation of fluid in between the parietal and visceral pleura, called the pleural cavity

Question 19

What is edema?

Answer 19

accumulation of fluid in interstitial fluid or serous cavities

Question 20

Define pus

Answer 20

a purulent exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils) and cell debris

Question 21

Explain the process of vascular changes in acute inflammation

Answer 21

• vasodilation - arterioles first then opens new capillary beds
• increased permeability of microvasculature allowing protein rich fluid to pour out into extravascular tissue
• loss of fluid resulting in concentration of rbc in small vessels, increased blood viscosity and blood stasis
• stasis - allow leukocytes to accumulate along endothelium and stick to it

Question 22

What are the 4 mechanisms of vascular leakage?

Answer 22

1. endothelial contraction
2. direct endothelial injury
3. leukocyte-dependent injury
4. increased transcytosis

Question 23

In endothelial contraction, what happens?

Answer 23

increase in interendothelial space mediated by histamine, bradykinins, leukotrienes

Question 24

What length of time does endothelial contraction occur?

Answer 24

rapid and short lived (15-30 mins)

Question 25

What occurs in endothelial changes from direct injury?

Answer 25

direct damage to endothelium causing necrosis and detachment (burns, lytic bacteria)

Question 26

When do endothelial changes occur as a result of direct injury?

Answer 26

immediately and lasts until thrombosis occurs or endothelium is repaired

Question 27

What occurs with endothelial changes related to leukocyte-mediated injury?

Answer 27

activated leukocytes may secrete free radicals and proteolytic enzymes leading to cell damage

Question 28

What occurs with endothelial changes related to transcytosis?

Answer 28

increased transport of fluid and protein through endothelial cells